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In the 7th century some early Muslims expected Ali to become a first caliph, successor to Muhammad.After ascension of Abu Bakr, supporters of Ali (and future Shia) continued to believe only people from Muhammad's family to qualify as rulers and selected an imam, from each generation (the proto-Sunni, in contrast, recognized Abu Bakr as a legitimate first caliph). [5]
Iran, formerly of Sunni majority region underwent a process of forced conversion to Shia Islam under the Saffavids between the 16th and 18th century. The process also ensured the dominance of the Twelver sect within Shiism over the Zaidiyyah and sects of Isma'ilism in the modern day. [1] [2] [3] [4]
The Zaydis belong to a sect of Shia Islam established by followers of Zayd ibn Ali, the great-grandson of Ali, Shia Islam's first Imam. Zayd ibn Ali rebelled against the Umayyad government in 740 CE after the death of Husayn ibn Ali at Karbala, this being seen as justification for his status as the legitimate Imam in the eyes of the Zaydi sect ...
Many Sunnis hotly dispute their minority status, (including ex-Iraqi Ambassador Faruq Ziada), [120] and many believe Shia majority is "a myth spread by America". [121] One Sunni belief shared by Jordan's King Abdullah as well as his then Defense Minister Shaalan is that Shia numbers in Iraq were inflated by Iranian Shia crossing the border. [122]
[8] [20] [21] [22] Some versions add the additional sentence "O God, befriend the friend of ʿAlī and be the enemy of his enemy". [23] Sunnis maintain that Muhammad emphasized the deserving friendship and respect for ʿAlī. In contrast, Shia Muslims assert that the statement unequivocally designates ʿAlī as Muhammad's appointed successor.
Shiism began for the first time with a reference made to the partisans of Ali the first leader of the Ahl al-Bayt (Household of the prophet). [8] In the early years of Islamic history there was no "orthodox" Sunni or "heretical" Shiite, but rather of two points of view that were drifting steadily until became manifest as early as the death of Muhammad the prophet of Islam.
855), founder of another Sunni school, writes that Ali was the only companion who made this claim, thus suggesting that Ali was the only companion who was qualified to make such a claim. [56] Ibn Hanbal also commented about the caliphate of Ali, "Do you think the caliphate adorned Ali? No, rather it was Ali who adorned the caliphate." [57]
Shaykh Faraz Rabbani has noted that it is not the way of Sunnis to make blanket takfir of Shia. He writes: [33]...we only declare someone who denies something necessarily known of the religion to be a kafir--and this is not the case with common Shia. Someone who says 'There is no God but Allah, Mohammed is the Prophet of Allah' is a Muslim.