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Stoicism considers all existence as cyclical, the cosmos as eternally self-creating and self-destroying (see also Eternal return). Stoicism does not posit a beginning or end to the Universe. [32] According to the Stoics, the logos was the active reason or anima mundi pervading and animating the entire Universe. It was conceived as material and ...
Zeno was born c. 334 BC, [a] in the colony of Citium in Cyprus. [4] [5] His ancestry is disputed between Phoenician and Greek, [6] [7] because Citium contained both Phoenician and Greek inhabitants.
This is a list of Stoic philosophers, ordered (roughly) by date. [Note: Some other philosophers like Socrates and Cynics were the big influencers in Stoicism and are founded quoted by the stoics] The criteria for inclusion in this list are fairly mild.
The founder of Stoicism, Zeno of Citium, was taught by Crates of Thebes, and he took up the Cynic ideals of continence and self-mastery, but applied the concept of apatheia (indifference) to personal circumstances rather than social norms, and switched shameless flouting of the latter for a resolute fulfillment of social duties. [75]
Eratosthenes went to Athens to further his studies. There he was taught Stoicism by its founder, Zeno of Citium, in philosophical lectures on living a virtuous life. [10] He then studied under Aristo of Chios, who led a more cynical school of philosophy. He also studied under the head of the Platonic Academy, who was Arcesilaus of Pitane.
Aristo of Chios (Greek: Ἀρίστων ὁ Χῖος Ariston ho Chios; fl. c. 260 BC), also spelled Ariston, was a Greek Stoic philosopher and colleague of Zeno of Citium. [1] He outlined a system of Stoic philosophy that was, in many ways, closer to earlier Cynic philosophy.
Chrysippus is the first Stoic for whom the third of the four Stoic categories, i.e. the category somehow disposed is attested. [52] In the surviving evidence, Chrysippus frequently makes use of the categories of substance and quality , but makes little use of the other two Stoic categories ( somehow disposed and somehow disposed in relation to ...
The Stoics rejected this hedonistic outlook, arguing that desires and aversions are obstacles to living in accordance with reason and virtue. To overcome these desires, they advocated self-mastery and an attitude of indifference. [25] The skeptics focused on how judgments and opinions impact well-being.