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Maropitant (INN; [3] brand name: Cerenia, used as maropitant citrate , is a neurokinin-1 (NK 1) receptor antagonist developed by Zoetis specifically for the treatment of motion sickness and vomiting in dogs. It was approved by the FDA in 2007, for use in dogs [4] [5] and in 2012, for cats. [6]
Mebeverine is an anticholinergic but its mechanism of action is not known; it appears to work directly on smooth muscle within the gastrointestinal tract and may have an anaesthetic effect, may affect calcium channels, and may affect muscarinic receptors. [2] It is metabolized mostly by esterases, and almost completely. The metabolites are ...
Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis (HGE) is a disease of dogs characterized by sudden vomiting and bloody diarrhea. The symptoms are usually severe, and HGE can be fatal if not treated. HGE is most common in young adult dogs of any breed, but especially small dogs such as the Toy Poodle and Miniature Schnauzer. [1] It is not contagious.
Opioids' classical use besides pain relief is as an anti-diarrhoeal drug. Opioids have agonist actions on the intestinal opioid receptors, which when activated cause constipation . Drugs such as morphine or codeine can be used to relieve diarrhoea this way.
Laxatives vary as to how they work and the side effects they may have. Certain stimulant, lubricant, and saline laxatives are used to evacuate the colon for rectal and bowel examinations, and may be supplemented by enemas under certain circumstances. Sufficiently high doses of laxatives may cause diarrhea.
Methylnaltrexone (MNTX, brand name Relistor), used in form of methylnaltrexone bromide (INN, USAN, BAN), is a medication that acts as a peripherally acting μ-opioid receptor antagonist that acts to reverse some of the side effects of opioid drugs such as constipation without significantly affecting pain relief or precipitating withdrawals.
Domestic dogs in Belgium showed a mean prevalence of T. canis of 4.4%, those from larger kennels of up to 31%. [6] In domestic dogs in Serbia, T. canis was detectable in 30% of the animals, [7] in herding and hunting dogs in Greece in 12.8% and T. leonina in 0.7% of animals. [8]
There are usually no symptoms, but diarrhea and weight loss may occur. [27] Leishmaniasis* is spread by the sandfly, and in the dog as well as human has both cutaneous and visceral forms. The dog is considered to be the reservoir for human disease in the Americas. [28] Babesiosis* is spread by members of the family Ixodidae, or hard ticks.