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Champa was known to the Chinese as 林邑 Linyi [34] in Mandarin, Lam Yap in Cantonese and to the Vietnamese, Lâm Ấp (which is the Sino-Vietnamese pronunciation of 林邑). The state of Champa was founded in 192 CE by Khu Liên (Ou Lian), an official of the Eastern Han dynasty of China in Xianglin who rebelled against Chinese rule in 192 ...
The Vo Canh Stele is the oldest Sanskrit inscription ever found in Southeast Asia, 2nd or 3rd century CE. One theory holds that the people of Champa were descended from settlers who reached the Southeast Asian mainland from Borneo about the time of the Sa Huỳnh culture, though genetic evidence points to exchanges with India. [1]
Since 629, the Chams had used the name "Champa" (Vietnamese: Chăm Pa) to refer their state. [12] [1] Sambhuvarman's son Kandarpadharma (r. 629–640) was the first Cham king officially to offer the title śrī campeśvara (Lord of Campa) of Campādeśa (the country of Champa).
The King of Champa then became an ally of the Johor Sultanate; in 1594, Champa sent its military forces to fight alongside Johor against the Portuguese occupation of Malacca. [35] Between 1607 and 1676, one of the Champa kings converted to Islam and it became a dominant feature of Cham society. The Chams also adopted the Jawi alphabet. [36]
Since then, Chams have used Champa to refer to their state. [17] 631: Kandarpadharma sent missions to the Tang. 640: Prabhasadharma became king of Champa and sent mission to the Tang. [18] 645: Prabhasadharma was assassinated by his minister. [18] 646: Prince Bhadreśvaravarman fled to Cambodia while the throne was occupied by a minister. [18] 650
The last Cham kingdom, Panduranga or the Principality of Thuận Thành, was annexed by Minh Mang of Vietnam in August 1832. In response, the Cham resistance movement led by Ja Thak Wa established a second Kingdom of Champa in 1834 upon the launching of his large-scale Cham revolution against Vietnamese ruler Minh Mang's wake of oppression over the old Champa.
Cham advocacy groups have also criticized the Vietnamese government of usurping history and denying the existence of Champa as a state and its systematic atrocities against Chams. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] Many Chams believed that the Vietnamese government would never allow any official researches over the Cham history in fear of possible uprising ...
Khmer–Cham wars were a series of conflicts and contests between states of the Khmer Empire and Champa, later involving Đại Việt, that lasted from the mid-10th century to the early 13th century in mainland Southeast Asia.