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An object being pushed together, such as a crumpled sponge, is subject to compressive stress and may undergo shortening. [1] [2] The greater the force and the smaller the cross-sectional area of the body on which it acts, the greater the stress. Stress has dimension of force per area, with SI units of newtons per square meter (N/m 2) or pascal ...
σ(y) is the stress as a function of coordinate on the face of the beam. ρ is the radius of curvature of the beam at its neutral axis. θ is the bend angle. Since the bending is uniform and pure, there is therefore at a distance y from the neutral axis with the inherent property of having no strain:
Consider a bar of original cross sectional area A 0 being subjected to equal and opposite forces F pulling at the ends so the bar is under tension. The material is experiencing a stress defined to be the ratio of the force to the cross sectional area of the bar, as well as an axial elongation:
(a) Applied stress and (b) induced strain as functions of time over a short period for a viscoelastic material. Creep can occur in polymers and metals which are considered viscoelastic materials. When a polymeric material is subjected to an abrupt force, the response can be modeled using the Kelvin–Voigt model.
When a part is subjected to a cyclic stress, also known as stress range (Sr), it has been observed that the failure of the part occurs after a number of stress reversals (N) even if the magnitude of the stress range is below the material's yield strength. Generally, higher the range stress, the fewer the number of reversals needed for failure.
The maximum compressive stress is found at the uppermost edge of the beam while the maximum tensile stress is located at the lower edge of the beam. Since the stresses between these two opposing maxima vary linearly , there therefore exists a point on the linear path between them where there is no bending stress.
If the stress vector itself is opposite to , the material is said to be under normal compression or pure compressive stress along . In a solid , the amount of compression generally depends on the direction x {\displaystyle x} , and the material may be under compression along some directions but under traction along others.
Stress relief annealing is a common approach, where the material is heated to a specific temperature and held for a certain duration, allowing dislocations to rearrange and internal stresses to dissipate. This process reduces the Bauschinger effect by minimizing internal stress fields and achieving a more uniform distribution of dislocations. [15]