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The CRAN task view on Time Series contains links to most of these. Mathematica has a complete library of time series functions including ARMA. [11] MATLAB includes functions such as arma, ar and arx to estimate autoregressive, exogenous autoregressive and ARMAX models. See System Identification Toolbox and Econometrics Toolbox for details.
For many series, the period is known and a single seasonality term is sufficient. For example, for monthly data one would typically include either a seasonal AR 12 term or a seasonal MA 12 term. For Box–Jenkins models, one does not explicitly remove seasonality before fitting the model.
In time series analysis, the moving-average model (MA model), also known as moving-average process, is a common approach for modeling univariate time series. [1] [2] The moving-average model specifies that the output variable is cross-correlated with a non-identical to itself random-variable.
With these time-dependent conditional expectations, there is the need to distinguish between the backshift operator (B) that only adjusts the date of the forecasted variable and the Lag operator (L) that adjusts equally the date of the forecasted variable and the information set:
Together with the moving-average (MA) model, it is a special case and key component of the more general autoregressive–moving-average (ARMA) and autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models of time series, which have a more complicated stochastic structure; it is also a special case of the vector autoregressive model (VAR), which ...
The method of reassignment is a technique for sharpening a time-frequency representation (e.g. spectrogram or the short-time Fourier transform) by mapping the data to time-frequency coordinates that are nearer to the true region of support of the analyzed signal.
Likewise, seasonal differencing is applied to a seasonal time-series to remove the seasonal component. From the perspective of signal processing, especially the Fourier spectral analysis theory, the trend is a low-frequency part in the spectrum of a series, while the season is a periodic-frequency part.
An example of a discrete-time stationary process where the sample space is also discrete (so that the random variable may take one of N possible values) is a Bernoulli scheme. Other examples of a discrete-time stationary process with continuous sample space include some autoregressive and moving average processes which are both subsets of the ...