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The gana sanghas in India it is generally believed existed as early as the 6th century BC, and persisted in some areas until the 4th century. The ancient Buddhist texts provide many accounts of the various ancient Indian states at the time of the Buddha , including their forms of governments and political workings.
The word gaṇa (Sanskrit: गण Sanskrit pronunciation: [ɡɐ.ɳɐ́]) in Sanskrit and Pali means "flock, troop, multitude, number, tribe, category, series, or class". It can also be used to refer to a "body of attendants" and can refer to "a company, any assemblage or association of men formed for the attainment of the same aims".
The Vajjika (Pāli: Vajjika) or Vrijika (IAST: Vṛjika) League, Confederacy, or Sangha, also called simply Vajji (Pāli: Vajji) or Vriji (IAST: Vṛji), was an ancient Indo-Aryan league which existed during the later Iron Age period in the north-eastern Indian subcontinent.
They included parts of the trans-Vindhyan region, [4] and all had developed prior to the rise of Buddhism in Ancient India. [ 5 ] Archaeologically, this period has been identified as corresponding in part to the Northern Black Polished Ware culture.
The Mallakas lived in the region now covered by the Kushinagar district in India, although their precise borders are yet to be determined.The Mallakas' neighbours to the east across the Sadānirā river were the Licchavikas, their neighbours to the west were the Sakyas, Koliyas, Moriyas, and Kauśalyas, the southern neighbours of the Mallakas were the Kālāmas and the Gaṅgā river, and the ...
Vajji (Pāli: Vajji) or Vriji (Sanskrit: Vṛji) was an ancient Aryan tribe of north-eastern South Asia whose existence is attested during the Iron Age.The population of Vajji, the Vajjikas, were organised into a gaṇasaṅgha (an aristocratic oligarchic republic), presently referred to as the Vajji Republic, which was part of the larger Vajjika League.
Indian nationalist historians such as K. P. Jayaswal have argued that the existence of such assemblies is evidence of prevalence of democracy in ancient India. [20] V. B. Misra notes that the contemporary society was divided into the four varnas (besides the avarna or outcastes), and the Kshatriya ruling class had all the political rights. [21]
The Licchavis of Vaishali (Māgadhī Prakrit: 𑀮𑀺𑀘𑁆𑀙𑀯𑀺 Licchavi; Pāli: Licchavi; Sanskrit: ऋक्षवी Ṛkṣavī; English: "Bear Clan") were an ancient Indo-Aryan tribe and dynasty of north-eastern Indian subcontinent whose existence is attested from the Iron Age to the Classical Age.