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A USB-to-serial adapter or simply USB adapter is a type of protocol converter that is used for converting USB data signals to and from serial communications standards (serial ports). Most commonly the USB data signals are converted to either RS-232 , RS-485 , RS-422 , or TTL-level UART serial data.
Gordon Bell of DEC designed the first UART, occupying an entire circuit board called a line unit, for the PDP series of computers beginning with the PDP-1. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] According to Bell, the main innovation of the UART was its use of sampling to convert the signal into the digital domain, allowing more reliable timing than previous circuits ...
A converter from USB to an RS-232 compatible serial port—more than a physical transition, ... In modern serial ports using a UART integrated circuit, all these ...
FTDI TTL-232RG: USB to UART cable FTDI FT232RL: USB to UART IC (in SSOP package) Internal die of FTDI FT232RL chip. FTDI was founded on 13 March 1992 [3] by its current CEO, Fred Dart (whose initials happen to be "FTD"). The company is an indirect descendant of Computer Design Concepts Ltd, a former semiconductor technology startup also founded ...
The first UART is usually used by the GNSS software to output NMEA 0183 data, although this can be disabled. This UART communicates over USB through a PL2303 serial converter and the transmit output is also made available on a pin. A 1 pulse per second signal is produced on a dedicated pin when a valid fix has been made.
The USART's synchronous capabilities were primarily intended to support synchronous protocols like IBM's synchronous transmit-receive (STR), binary synchronous communications (BSC), synchronous data link control (SDLC), and the ISO-standard high-level data link control (HDLC) synchronous link-layer protocols, which were used with synchronous voice-frequency modems.
After the RS-232 COM port was removed from most consumer-grade computers, an external USB-to-UART serial adapter cable was used to compensate for the loss. A major supplier of these chips is FTDI. [citation needed]
MAX232 chip in DIP-16 package The die of a MAX232 MAX232 pinout: Red: power, Yellow: charge pump capacitors, Blue: outputs, Green: inputs, Pins 9–12: TTL/CMOS I/O voltages. The MAX232 is an integrated circuit by Maxim Integrated Products, now a subsidiary of Analog Devices, that converts signals from a TIA-232 (RS-232) serial port to signals suitable for use in TTL-compatible digital logic ...