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Many of these methods use the same test organism or are designed for the same exposure time. Common test organisms include, but are not limited to, daphnia, fathead minnow, rainbow trout, and mussels. Acute toxicity tests are normally 24–96 hours, whereas chronic tests will typically run for a week or longer.
U.S. Army Public Health Center Toxicology Lab technician assessing samples. Toxicology testing, also known as safety assessment, or toxicity testing, is the process of determining the degree to which a substance of interest negatively impacts the normal biological functions of an organism, given a certain exposure duration, route of exposure, and substance concentration.
The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) maintains and approves test methods, which are approved procedures for measuring the presence and concentration of physical, chemical and biological contaminants; evaluating properties, such as toxic properties, of chemical substances; or measuring the effects of substances under various conditions.
Fish, Prolonged Toxicity Test: 14-Day Study 205: Avian Dietary Toxicity Test 206: Avian Reproduction Test 207: Earthworm, Acute Toxicity Tests 208: Terrestrial Plant Test: Seedling Emergence and Seedling Growth Test 209: Activated Sludge, Respiration Inhibition Test (Carbon and Ammonium Oxidation) 210: Fish, Early-life Stage Toxicity Test 211
The value of LD 50 for a substance is the dose required to kill half the members of a tested population after a specified test duration. LD 50 figures are frequently used as a general indicator of a substance's acute toxicity. A lower LD 50 is indicative of higher toxicity. The term LD 50 is generally attributed to John William Trevan. [2]
As benzene is ubiquitous in gasoline and hydrocarbon fuels that are in use everywhere, human exposure to benzene is a global health problem. Benzene targets the liver, kidney, lung, heart and brain and can cause DNA strand breaks and chromosomal damage, hence is teratogenic and mutagenic. Benzene causes cancer in animals including humans.
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