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During WWI the Ottoman Empire engaged in a genocide against local ethnicities in its territory. The Armenian genocide, [ 49 ] also known as the Armenian Holocaust, [ 50 ] was the Ottoman government 's systematic extermination of 1.5 million Christian Armenians , mostly Ottoman citizens within the Ottoman Empire and its successor state, the ...
Map showing the Violet Line. The Violet Line was a boundary line agreed between the United Kingdom and the Ottoman Empire in March 1914. [1] [2] It started from the termination of the Blue Line agreed to at the Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1913 and extended to the border between the Ottoman Yemen Vilayet and the British Aden Protectorates.
The Great Powers and the End of the Ottoman Empire. Routledge. ISBN 0714641545. Macfie, A. L. The End of the Ottoman Empire, 1908-1923 (1998). Massie, Robert (2004). Castles of Steel: Britain, Germany and the winning of the Great War. Random House. ISBN 0-224-04092-8. Nicolle, David (2008). The Ottomans: Empire of Faith. Thalamus Publishing.
The Ottoman Empire [k] (/ ˈ ɒ t ə m ə n / ⓘ), also called the Turkish Empire, [23] [24] was an imperial realm [l] that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Central Europe, between the early 16th and early 18th centuries. [25] [26] [27]
Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East. Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-4299-8852-0. Gingeras, Ryan (24 March 2016). Fall of the Sultanate: The Great War and the End of the Ottoman Empire 1908–1922. The Greater War (illus. ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-967607-1.
The geographic position of the Ottoman Empire meant that its neutrality in the event of a European war was of significant interest to Russia, France and Britain. [ 3 ] During the July Crisis in 1914, German diplomats offered an anti-Russian alliance and territorial gains in Caucasia, north-west Iran and Trans-Caspia.
The Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers through the secret German–Ottoman alliance, [19] which was signed on 2 August 1914. The main objective of the Ottoman Empire in the Caucasus was the recovery of its territories that had been lost during the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878), in particular Artvin, Ardahan, Kars, and the port of Batum.
The Ottoman Empire was the first of the three Islamic Gunpowder Empires, followed by Safavid Persia and Mughal India. By the 14th century, the Ottomans had adopted gunpowder artillery . [ 2 ] By the time of Sultan Mehmed II , they had been drilled with firearms and became "perhaps the first standing infantry force equipped with firearms in the ...