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The sulfur is recovered as concentrated sulfuric acid and the nitrogen oxides are reduced to free nitrogen. The process is based on the well-known wet sulfuric acid process (WSA), a process for recovering sulfur from various process gasses in the form of commercial quality sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4). [1] [2] [3]
The second Frasch-process mine opened in 1912 in Brazoria County, Texas. The Gulf Coast came to dominate world sulfur production in the early and middle 20th century. [7] However, starting in the 1970s, byproduct sulfur recovery from oil and natural gas lowered the price of sulfur and drove many Frasch-process mines out of business.
Nevertheless, extracting the sulfur created serious ecological hardship on the country. [7] By 1912 the United States overtook Sicily for the worldwide production of sulfur. Large consistent bases of sulfur in Texas and Louisiana, as well as low-cost fuel and large quantities of water, made the newly invented Frasch process economical. [5]
The 4S pathway is a sulfur-specific metabolic pathway of oxidative desulfurization that converts dibenzothiophene (DBT) into 2-hydroxybiphenyl and sulfite.It uses a total of four NADH molecules (three required by DszD to generate FMNH 2 and a fourth to regenerate the FMN-oxide byproduct of DszA) and three molecules of oxygen, thus producing NAD + and water as byproducts.
Below is a schematic flow diagram of an IGCC plant: Block diagram of IGCC power plant, which utilizes the HRSG. The gasification process can produce syngas from a wide variety of carbon-containing feedstocks, such as high-sulfur coal, heavy petroleum residues, and biomass.
Chemical synthesis using green chemistry promotes the design of new synthetic methods and apparatus that simplify operations and seeks environmentally benign solvents. Key principles include atom economy , which aims to incorporate all reactant atoms into the final product, and the reduction of waste and inefficiencies in chemical processes.
Synthetic crude is the output from a bitumen/extra heavy oil upgrader facility used in connection with oil sand production. It may also refer to shale oil, an output from an oil shale pyrolysis. The properties of the synthetic crude depend on the processes used in the upgrading. Typically, it is low in sulfur and has an API gravity of around 30 ...