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Pelvic abscess is a collection of pus in the pelvis, typically occurring following lower abdominal surgical procedures, or as a complication of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), appendicitis, or lower genital tract infections. [1] Signs and symptoms include a high fever, pelvic mass, vaginal bleeding or discharge, and lower abdominal pain. [1]
The infection can affect any skeletal muscle, but most often infects the large muscle groups such as the quadriceps or gluteal muscles. [2] [4] [5] Pyomyositis is mainly a disease of children and was first described by Scriba in 1885. Most patients are aged 2 to 5 years, but infection may occur in any age group.
A tubo-ovarian abscess (TOA) is one of the late complications of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and can be life-threatening if the abscess ruptures and results in sepsis. It consists of an encapsulated or confined pocket of pus with defined boundaries that forms during an infection of a fallopian tube and ovary. These abscesses are found ...
Pelvic congestion syndrome-- , also known as pelvic vein incompetence, is a long term condition believed to be due to enlarged veins in the lower abdomen. Polycystic ovary syndrome. , or PCOS, is the most common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age. Ovarian cysts—the ovary produces a large, painful cyst, which may rupture.
However, not all pelvic infections will cause distal tubal occlusion. Tubal tuberculosis is an uncommon cause of hydrosalpinx formation. While the cilia of the inner lining (endosalpinx) of the fallopian tube beat towards the uterus, tubal fluid is normally discharged via the fimbriated end into the peritoneal cavity from where it is cleared.
Several factors are thought to be involved in the development of enterocele, such as age, [10] multiple pregnancies, [10] previous pelvic surgery, [4] excessive pelvic floor descent, [10] weakened pelvic floor, [13] long term chronic straining, [13] Enteroceles can form after treatment for gynecological cancers. [14]
The cytokines trigger an inflammatory response, which draws large numbers of white blood cells to the area and increases the regional blood flow. [26] The final structure of the abscess is an abscess wall, or capsule, that is formed by the adjacent healthy cells in an attempt to keep the pus from infecting neighboring structures.
When a patient is asymptomatic, ultrasonographic surveillance is recommended. [10] For chronic cysts, aspiration or drainage is a safe, less invasive treatment option. [9] When there is any suspicion of malignancy, surgical therapy in the form of a laparoscopy or laparotomy with full excision of the cyst is usually needed. [10] [8]