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  2. Instrumental variables estimation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_variables...

    One computational method which can be used to calculate IV estimates is two-stage least squares (2SLS or TSLS). In the first stage, each explanatory variable that is an endogenous covariate in the equation of interest is regressed on all of the exogenous variables in the model, including both exogenous covariates in the equation of interest and ...

  3. Displacement (fluid) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Displacement_(fluid)

    This method can be used to measure the volume of a solid object, even if its form is not regular. Several methods of such measuring exist. Several methods of such measuring exist. In one case the increase of liquid level is registered as the object is immersed in the liquid (usually water).

  4. Geochemistry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geochemistry

    Geochemistry is the science that uses the tools and principles of chemistry to explain the mechanisms behind major geological systems such as the Earth's crust and its oceans.

  5. Methods to investigate protein–protein interactions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methods_to_investigate...

    Rotating cell‑based ligand binding assay using radioactivity or fluorescence, is a recent method that measures molecular interactions in living cells in real-time. This method allows the characterization of the binding mechanism, as well as K d, k on and k off. This principle is being applied in several studies, mainly with protein ligands ...

  6. Response surface methodology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Response_surface_methodology

    The method was introduced by George E. P. Box and K. B. Wilson in 1951. The main idea of RSM is to use a sequence of designed experiments to obtain an optimal response. Box and Wilson suggest using a second-degree polynomial model to do this.

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  8. Pump–probe microscopy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pump–probe_microscopy

    The method modulates the amplitude of a pulsed laser beam, referred to as the pump, to bring the target molecule to an excited state. This will then affect the properties of a second coherent beam, referred to as the probe, based on the interaction of the two beams with the molecule. These properties are then measured by a detector to form an ...

  9. Patch clamp - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patch_clamp

    The solution in the bath solution may match the physiological extracellular solution, the cytoplasm, or be entirely non-physiological, depending on the experiment to be performed. The researcher can also change the content of the bath solution (or less commonly the pipette solution) by adding ions or drugs to study the ion channels under ...