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n = 1 that yield a minimax approximation or bound for the closely related Q-function: Q(x) ≈ Q̃(x), Q(x) ≤ Q̃(x), or Q(x) ≥ Q̃(x) for x ≥ 0. The coefficients {( a n , b n )} N n = 1 for many variations of the exponential approximations and bounds up to N = 25 have been released to open access as a comprehensive dataset.
Any non-linear differentiable function, (,), of two variables, and , can be expanded as + +. If we take the variance on both sides and use the formula [11] for the variance of a linear combination of variables (+) = + + (,), then we obtain | | + | | +, where is the standard deviation of the function , is the standard deviation of , is the standard deviation of and = is the ...
In mathematics, factorization (or factorisation, see English spelling differences) or factoring consists of writing a number or another mathematical object as a product of several factors, usually smaller or simpler objects of the same kind. For example, 3 × 5 is an integer factorization of 15, and (x – 2)(x + 2) is a polynomial ...
with a corresponding factor graph shown on the right. Observe that the factor graph has a cycle. If we merge (,) (,) into a single factor, the resulting factor graph will be a tree. This is an important distinction, as message passing algorithms are usually exact for trees, but only approximate for graphs with cycles.
An optimal strategy for choosing these polynomials is not known; one simple method is to pick a degree d for a polynomial, consider the expansion of n in base m (allowing digits between −m and m) for a number of different m of order n 1/d, and pick f(x) as the polynomial with the smallest coefficients and g(x) as x − m.
To illustrate, a simple example of this process is to find the mean and variance of the derived quantity z = x 2 where the measured quantity x is Normally distributed with mean μ and variance σ 2. The derived quantity z will have some new PDF, that can (sometimes) be found using the rules of probability calculus. [ 7 ]
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For processes that produce homogeneous batches (e.g., chemical) where repeat measurements vary primarily because of measurement error; The "chart" actually consists of a pair of charts: one, the individuals chart, displays the individual measured values; the other, the moving range chart, displays the difference from one point to the next.