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The CC chemokine (or β-chemokine) proteins have two adjacent cysteines (amino acids), near their amino terminus. There have been at least 27 distinct members of this subgroup reported for mammals, called CC chemokine ligands -1 to -28; CCL10 is the same as CCL9. Chemokines of this subfamily usually contain four cysteines (C4-CC chemokines ...
In the human genome, CCL2 and many other CC chemokines are located on chromosome 17 (17q11.2-q21.1). [8] The gene span is 1,927 bases and the CCL2 gene resides on the Watson (plus) strand. The CCL2 gene has three exons and two introns. The CCL2 protein precursor contains a signal peptide of 23 amino acids. In turn, the mature CCL2 is 76 amino ...
The chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) is a small peptide belonging to the CXC chemokine family that acts as a chemoattractant for several immune cells, especially neutrophils [5] [6] or other non-hematopoietic cells to the site of injury or infection and plays an important role in regulation of immune and inflammatory responses. It was ...
Cytokines (/ ˈ s aɪ t ə k aɪ n /) [1] are a broad and loose category of small proteins (~5–25 kDa [2]) important in cell signaling. Due to their size, cytokines cannot cross the lipid bilayer of cells to enter the cytoplasm and therefore typically exert their functions by interacting with specific cytokine receptors on the target cell ...
CXCL2 is 90% identical in amino acid sequence as a related chemokine, CXCL1. This chemokine is secreted by monocytes and macrophages and is chemotactic for polymorphonuclear leukocytes and hematopoietic stem cells. [5] [6] [7] The gene for CXCL2 is located on human chromosome 4 in a cluster of other CXC chemokines. [8]
MIP-2 belongs to the CXC chemokine family, is named CXCL2 and acts through binding of CXCR1 and CXCR2. It is produced mainly by macrophages, monocytes and epithelial cells and is responsible for chemotaxis to the source of inflammation and activation of neutrophils.
Stromal cell-derived factors 1-alpha and 1-beta are small cytokines that belong to the chemokine family, members of which activate leukocytes and are often induced by proinflammatory stimuli such as lipopolysaccharide, TNF, or IL1. The chemokines are characterized by the presence of 4 conserved cysteines that form 2 disulfide bonds. They can be ...
CCL1 is involved in inflammatory processes through leukocyte recruitment and could play a crucial role in angiogenesis and other viral and tumoral processes. [10] [11] [12] For example, CCL1 transcription was increased in primary human CD4 + T cells expressing T cell immunoglobulin and protein 3 containing the mucin domain (TIM-3) and was identified as a differentially transcribed gene in CD4 ...