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The CC chemokine (or β-chemokine) proteins have two adjacent cysteines (amino acids), near their amino terminus. There have been at least 27 distinct members of this subgroup reported for mammals, called CC chemokine ligands -1 to -28; CCL10 is the same as CCL9. Chemokines of this subfamily usually contain four cysteines (C4-CC chemokines ...
The chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) is a small peptide belonging to the CXC chemokine family that acts as a chemoattractant for several immune cells, especially neutrophils [5] [6] or other non-hematopoietic cells to the site of injury or infection and plays an important role in regulation of immune and inflammatory responses. It was ...
The biological effect is carried out through ligation of chemokine receptors CCR1 (ligand CCL3) and CCR5 (ligands CCL3 and CCL4) and the signal is then transferred into the cell, thus these cytokines affect any cell that has these receptors. [8]
Cytokines (/ ˈ s aɪ t ə k aɪ n /) [1] are a broad and loose category of small proteins (~5–25 kDa [2]) important in cell signaling. Due to their size, cytokines cannot cross the lipid bilayer of cells to enter the cytoplasm and therefore typically exert their functions by interacting with specific cytokine receptors on the target
CCL1 is involved in inflammatory processes through leukocyte recruitment and could play a crucial role in angiogenesis and other viral and tumoral processes. [10] [11] [12] For example, CCL1 transcription was increased in primary human CD4 + T cells expressing T cell immunoglobulin and protein 3 containing the mucin domain (TIM-3) and was identified as a differentially transcribed gene in CD4 ...
CCL2 is a small cytokine that belongs to the CC chemokine family. CCL2 tightly regulates cellular mechanics [5] and thereby recruits monocytes, memory T cells, and dendritic cells to the sites of inflammation produced by either tissue injury or infection. [6] [7]
Chemokine receptors are cytokine receptors found on the surface of certain cells that interact with a type of cytokine called a chemokine. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] There have been 20 distinct chemokine receptors discovered in humans. [ 3 ]
CX3CL1 elicits its adhesive and migratory functions by interacting with the chemokine receptor CX3CR1. [7] Its gene is located on human chromosome 16 along with some CC chemokines known as CCL17 and CCL22. [6] [8] Fractalkine is found commonly throughout the brain, particularly in neural cells, and its receptor is known to be present on ...