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A commonly used land measurement unit in Punjab is karam or square karam. [3] Other units include the Sarsai and units listed. [4] This the current system of measurement of farm land. All Units. 1 karam × 1 karam = 1 sq. karam 5.5 feet × 5.5 feet = 30.25 sq. feet 30.25 square feet = 1 Sarsai 9 Sarsai (sq. Karam) = 1 Marla (272.25 sq. feet)
The marla is a traditional unit of area that is used in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. The marla was standardized under British raj to be equal to the square rod, or 272.25 square feet, 30.25 square yards, or 25.2929 square metres.
Quantity surveying is a profession that deals with the costs and contracts of construction projects. A quantity surveyor is an expert in estimating the costs of materials, labor, and time needed for a project, as well as managing the financial and legal aspects of the project. A quantity surveyor can work for either the client or the contractor ...
An Ankanam is a unit of measure similar to an acre.It is used mainly in regions of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka, Nellore, Anekal, Bengaluru and Tirupati.An Ankanam is measured as 72 sq ft (6.7 m 2), (mostly in the Nellore District) and, in some places (such as Tirupati), 36 sq ft (3.3 m 2).
A cost estimate is the approximation of the cost of a program, project, or operation. The cost estimate is the product of the cost estimating process. The cost estimate has a single total value and may have identifiable component values. A problem with a cost overrun can be avoided with a credible, reliable, and accurate cost estimate. A cost ...
In U.S. land surveying under the Public Land Survey System (PLSS), a section is an area nominally one square mile (2.6 square kilometers), containing 640 acres (260 hectares), with 36 sections making up one survey township on a rectangular grid. [1]
To add greater consistency to the benchmarking, measuring, and reporting of construction project costs, International Construction Measurement Standards [14] were published in July 2017. The coalition for International Land Measurement Standards – aiding consistency of interpretation and documentation of tenure – launched in June 2016.
Surveying equipment, such as levels and theodolites, are used for accurate measurement of angular deviation, horizontal, vertical and slope distances. With computerisation, electronic distance measurement (EDM), total stations, GNSS surveying and laser scanning have supplemented (and to a large extent supplanted) the traditional optical ...