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Severe sepsis causes poor organ function or blood flow. [9] The presence of low blood pressure, high blood lactate, or low urine output may suggest poor blood flow. [9] Septic shock is low blood pressure due to sepsis that does not improve after fluid replacement. [9] Sepsis is caused by many organisms including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. [10]
Blood PCT measurements proved superior to cerebrospinal fluid PCT with a sensitivity of 95% and a specificity of 97% as a marker for bacterial meningitis. [67] In acute meningitis, serum PCT is useful as a biomarker for sepsis. It can also be of use in determining viral meningitis versus bacterial meningitis.
The parameter was FDA cleared as an early sepsis indicator for ER patients in 2019 for Beckman Coulter. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] MDW serves as an indicator for early screening of sepsis in conjunction with CRP and PCT and for differentiating false positive blood cultures.
Several clinical studies have demonstrated that presepsin is a specific and sensitive marker for the diagnosis, severity assessment and outcome prediction of sepsis. [2] [3] [4] In addition, presepsin can be used for diagnosing infections in patients with a chronic inflammatory condition, such as liver cirrhosis.
Septic shock is a result of a systemic response to infection or multiple infectious causes. The precipitating infections that may lead to septic shock if severe enough include but are not limited to appendicitis, pneumonia, bacteremia, diverticulitis, pyelonephritis, meningitis, pancreatitis, necrotizing fasciitis, MRSA and mesenteric ischemia.
CRP is a better marker for other autoimmune diseases such as polymyalgia rheumatica, giant cell arteritis, [7] post-operative sepsis, and neonatal sepsis. ESR may be reduced in those who are taking statins and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
For instance, the PDZRN4 gene, which may function as a tumor suppressor, and ALPK2, a gene associated with cancer and heart health in animal models, stood out as potential markers of aging.
Coagulation activation markers are biomarkers of net activation of coagulation and fibrinolysis. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Examples include prothrombin fragment 1+2 (F1+2), thrombin–antithrombin complex (TAT), fibrinopeptide A (FpA), fibrin monomers (FMs), plasmin-α 2 -antiplasmin complex (PAP), activated protein C–protein C inhibitor (APC-PCI), and D ...