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Lead perchlorate trihydrate is produced by the reaction of lead(II) oxide, lead carbonate, or lead nitrate by perchloric acid: . Pb(NO 3) 2 + HClO 4 → Pb(ClO 4) 2 + HNO 3. The excess perchloric acid was removed by first heating the solution to 125 °C, then heating it under moist air at 160 °C to remove the perchloric acid by converting the acid to the dihydrate.
Polar bonds generally occur when the difference in electronegativity between the two atoms is roughly between 0.5 and 2.0; Ionic bonds generally occur when the difference in electronegativity between the two atoms is greater than 2.0; Pauling based this classification scheme on the partial ionic character of a bond, which is an approximate ...
It is then converted to the ammonium salt (NH 4) 2 PbCl 6 by adding ammonium chloride (NH 4 Cl). Finally, the solution is treated with concentrated sulfuric acid H 2 SO 4, to separate out lead tetrachloride. This series of reactions is conducted at 0 °C. The following equations illustrate the reaction: PbCl 2 + 2HCl + Cl 2 → H 2 PbCl 6
A basic chloride of lead, PbCl 2 ·Pb(OH) 2, is known as Pattinson's white lead and is used as pigment in white paint. [17] Lead paint is now banned as a health hazard in many countries by the White Lead (Painting) Convention, 1921. PbCl 2 is an intermediate in refining bismuth (Bi) ore.
Lead(II) sulfate is poorly soluble, as can be seen in the following diagram showing addition of SO 2− 4 to a solution containing 0.1 M of Pb 2+. The pH of the solution is 4.5, as above that, Pb 2+ concentration can never reach 0.1 M due to the formation of Pb(OH) 2. Observe that Pb 2+ solubility drops 10,000 fold as SO 2− 4 reaches 0.1 M.
A perchlorate is a chemical compound containing the perchlorate ion, ClO − 4, the conjugate base of perchloric acid (ionic perchlorate). As counterions, there can be metal cations , quaternary ammonium cations or other ions, for example, nitronium cation ( NO + 2 ).
The following chart shows the solubility of various ionic compounds in water at 1 atm pressure and room temperature (approx. 25 °C, 298.15 K). "Soluble" means the ionic compound doesn't precipitate, while "slightly soluble" and "insoluble" mean that a solid will precipitate; "slightly soluble" compounds like calcium sulfate may require heat to precipitate.
3 Pb 2 CO 3 (OH) 2 + O 2 → 2 Pb 3 O 4 + 3 CO 2 + 3 H 2 O. In solution, lead(II,IV) oxide can be prepared by reaction of potassium plumbate with lead(II) acetate, yielding yellow insoluble lead(II,IV) oxide monohydrate Pb 3 O 4 ·H 2 O, which can be turned into the anhydrous form by gentle heating: K 2 PbO 3 + 2 Pb(OCOCH 3) 2 + H 2 O → Pb 3 ...