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The Book of Haggai (/ ˈ h æ ɡ aɪ /; Hebrew: ספר חגי, romanized: Sefer Ḥaggay) is a book of the Hebrew Bible or Tanakh, and is the third-to-last of the Twelve Minor Prophets. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It is a short book, consisting of only two chapters.
Russian icon of Haggai, 18th century (Iconostasis of Kizhi monastery, Karelia, Russia). Haggai or Aggeus [1] (/ ˈ h æ ɡ aɪ /; Hebrew: חַגַּי – Ḥaggay; Koine Greek: Ἀγγαῖος; Latin: Aggaeus) was a Hebrew prophet active during the building of the Second Temple in Jerusalem, one of the twelve minor prophets in the Hebrew Bible, and the author or subject of the Book of Haggai.
Zechariah's vision of the four horns and four craftsmen, by Christoph Weigel. The four horns (Hebrew: ארבע קרנות ’arba‘ qərānōṯ) and the four craftsmen (ארבעה חרשים ’arbā‘āh ḥārāšîm, also translated "engravers" or "artisans") feature in a vision found in the Book of Zechariah in the Old Testament.
The Twelve Minor Prophets (Hebrew: שנים עשר, Shneim Asar; Imperial Aramaic: תרי עשר, Trei Asar, "Twelve") (Ancient Greek: δωδεκαπρόφητον, "the Twelve Prophets"), or the Book of the Twelve, is a collection of prophetic books, written between about the 8th and 4th centuries BCE, which are in both the Jewish Tanakh and Christian Old Testament.
The fully apocalyptic visions in Daniel 7–12, as well as those in the New Testament's Revelation, can trace their roots to the pre-exilic latter biblical prophets; the sixth century BCE prophets Ezekiel, Isaiah 40–55 and 56–66, Haggai 2, and Zechariah 1–8 show a transition phase between prophecy and apocalyptic literature. [9]
A. Lemaire interprets the author of Haggai as wanting Zerubbabel to be appointed to a lesser role: "Haggai is expressing the hope of a change in status of the province of Yehud, and of Zerubbabel's emergence as a king of a vassal state within the Persian empire". [26] John Kessler's interpretation agrees with Lemaire's:
Ezra 1 (the Edict of Cyrus) and Ezra 2 (the list of returnees) are presented as Persian documents; Ezra 3–6, which contains further supposed Persian documents mixed with third-person narrative, may be based on the prophetic works of Haggai and Zechariah, who were active at the time; Ezra 7–10, partly in the first-person, is sometimes called ...
One of the three prophets from the post-exilic period, Zechariah's prophecies took place during the reign of Darius the Great. [1]Chapters 1–8 of the book are contemporary with the prophecies of Haggai, [2] while chapters 9–14 (often termed Second Zechariah) are thought to have been written much later—in the 5th century, during the late Persian or early Ptolemaic period. [3]