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  2. Joule–Thomson effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joule–Thomson_effect

    In thermodynamics, the Joule–Thomson effect (also known as the Joule–Kelvin effect or Kelvin–Joule effect) describes the temperature change of a real gas or liquid (as differentiated from an ideal gas) when it is expanding; typically caused by the pressure loss from flow through a valve or porous plug while keeping it insulated so that no heat is exchanged with the environment.

  3. Liquid hydrogen - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_hydrogen

    Liquid hydrogen bubbles forming in two glass flasks at the Bevatron laboratory in 1955 A large hydrogen tank in a vacuum chamber at the Glenn Research Center in Brook Park, Ohio, in 1967 A Linde AG tank for liquid hydrogen at the Museum Autovision in Altlußheim, Germany, in 2008 Two U.S. Department of Transportation placards indicating the presence of hazardous materials, which are used with ...

  4. Adiabatic flame temperature - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiabatic_flame_temperature

    The constant volume adiabatic flame temperature is the temperature that results from a complete combustion process that occurs without any work, heat transfer or changes in kinetic or potential energy. Its temperature is higher than in the constant pressure process because no energy is utilized to change the volume of the system (i.e., generate ...

  5. Heat of combustion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_of_combustion

    In all, the higher heating value of hydrogen is 18.2% above its lower heating value (142 MJ/kg vs. 120 MJ/kg). For hydrocarbons, the difference depends on the hydrogen content of the fuel. For gasoline and diesel the higher heating value exceeds the lower heating value by about 10% and 7%, respectively, and for natural gas about 11%.

  6. Inversion temperature - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inversion_temperature

    This temperature change is known as the Joule–Thomson effect, and is exploited in the liquefaction of gases. Inversion temperature depends on the nature of the gas. For a van der Waals gas we can calculate the enthalpy using statistical mechanics as

  7. Lifting gas - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifting_gas

    Thus hydrogen's additional buoyancy compared to helium is: 11.8 / 10.9 ≈ 1.08, or approximately 8.0%. This calculation is at sea level at 0 °C. For higher altitudes, or higher temperatures, the amount of lift will decrease proportionally to the air density, but the ratio of the lifting capability of hydrogen to that of helium will remain the ...

  8. Molar heat capacity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_heat_capacity

    This temperature range is not large enough to include both quantum transitions in all gases. Instead, at 200 K, all but hydrogen are fully rotationally excited, so all have at least ⁠ 5 / 2 ⁠ R heat capacity. (Hydrogen is already below ⁠ 5 / 2 ⁠, but it will require cryogenic conditions for even H 2 to fall to ⁠ 3 / 2 ⁠ R).

  9. Heat capacity ratio - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_capacity_ratio

    Doing this work, air inside the cylinder will cool to below the target temperature. To return to the target temperature (still with a free piston), the air must be heated, but is no longer under constant volume, since the piston is free to move as the gas is reheated. This extra heat amounts to about 40% more than the previous amount added.