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Flail chest is usually associated with significant pulmonary contusion, [15] and the contusion, rather than the chest wall injury, is often the main cause of respiratory failure in people with these injuries. [69] Other indications of thoracic trauma may be associated, including fracture of the sternum and bruising of the chest wall. [63]
Flail chest is a potentially life-threatening injury and will often require a period of assisted ventilation. [16] Flail chest and first rib fractures are high-energy injuries and should prompt investigation of damage to underlying viscera (e.g., lung contusion ) or remotely (e.g., cervical spine injury).
Signs and symptoms include chest and abdominal pain, difficulty breathing, and decreased lung sounds. When a tear is discovered, surgery is needed to repair it. Injuries to the diaphragm are usually accompanied by other injuries, and they indicate that more severe injury may have occurred.
However some symptoms do include severe chest pain, cough, shortness of breath, difficulty swallowing due to compression of the esophagus, back pain, and hoarseness due to involvement of the recurrent laryngeal nerve. [4] There might be external signs such as bruising on the anterior chest wall due to a traumatic injury. [9]
A humerus fracture is a break of the humerus bone in the upper arm. [1] Symptoms may include pain, swelling, and bruising. [1] There may be a decreased ability to move the arm and the person may present holding their elbow. [2] Complications may include injury to an artery or nerve, and compartment syndrome. [2]
Signs and symptoms include crepitus (a crunching sound made when broken bone ends rub together), [1] pain, tenderness, bruising, and swelling over the fracture site. [4] The fracture may visibly move when the person breathes, and it may be bent or deformed, [4] potentially forming a "step" at the junction of the broken bone ends that is detectable by palpation. [3]
A proximal humerus fracture is a break of the upper part of the bone of the arm . [3] Symptoms include pain, swelling, and a decreased ability to move the shoulder. [1] Complications may include axillary nerve or axillary artery injury. [3] The cause is generally a fall onto the arm or direct trauma to the arm. [3]
Psychogenic causes of chest pain can include panic attacks; however, this is a diagnosis of exclusion. [12] In children, the most common causes for chest pain are musculoskeletal (76–89%), exercise-induced asthma (4–12%), gastrointestinal illness (8%), and psychogenic causes (4%). [13] Chest pain in children can also have congenital causes.