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These guides—e.g., Jacobi in the U.K. (1890) [15] and MacKellar, Harpel, and De Vinne (1866–1901) in the U.S. [16] —indicated that sentences should be em-spaced, and that words should be 1/3 or 1/2 em-spaced. The relative size of the sentence spacing would vary depending on the size of the word spaces and the justification needs. [17]
If a paragraph is preceded by a title or subhead, the indent is superfluous and can therefore be omitted. [2] The Elements of Typographic Style states that "at least one en [space]" should be used to indent paragraphs after the first, [2] noting that that is the "practical minimum". [3] An em space is the most commonly used paragraph indent. [3]
The Style manual for authors, editors and printers (6th edn, 2002), [14] sponsored by the Australian Government, stipulates that only one space is used after "sentence-closing punctuation", and that "Programs for word processing and desktop publishing offer more sophisticated, variable spacing, so this practice of double spacing is now avoided ...
Similarly, an orphan word at the end of a paragraph can be relocated by forcing one or more words from the preceding text line into the paragraph line of the orphan. In web-publishing, this is typically accomplished by concatenating the words in question with a non-breaking space and, if available, by utilizing the orphans: and widows ...
All the sentences within a paragraph should revolve around the same topic. When the topic changes, a new paragraph should be started. Overly long paragraphs should be split up, as long as the cousin paragraphs keep the idea in focus. One-sentence paragraphs are unusually emphatic, and should be used sparingly.
One proposal advanced that, in order for on-screen text to have the best compromise between reading speed and comprehension, about 55 cpl should be used. [11] On the other hand, there have been studies indicating that digital text at 100 cpl can be read faster than text with lines of 25 characters , while retaining the same level of comprehension.
Between paragraphs—as between sections—there should be only a single blank line. First lines are not indented. Bullet points should not be used in the lead of an article, and should be used in the body only to break up a mass of text, particularly if the topic requires significant effort to comprehend. However, bulleted lists are typical in ...
The first paragraph should define or identify the topic with a neutral point of view, but without being too specific. It should establish the context in which the topic is being considered by supplying the set of circumstances or facts that surround it. If appropriate, it should give the location and time.