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Raw glass was produced in geographically separate locations to the working of glass into finished vessels, [38] [39] and, by the end of the 1st century CE, large scale manufacturing, primarily in Alexandria, [40] resulted in the establishment of glass as a commonly available material in the Roman world.
The American glass manufacturers also had to compete with English glassmakers. By 1740, English glassmakers produced good quality window glass and some of the best lead crystal glassware available. English trade restrictions caused most of the glassware purchased in America before the American Revolutionary War to be English–made. [ 70 ]
Broadly, modern glass container factories are three-part operations: the "batch house", the "hot end", and the "cold end". The batch house handles the raw materials; the hot end handles the manufacture proper—the forehearth, forming machines, and annealing ovens; and the cold end handles the product-inspection and packaging equipment.
By 1850, the United States had 3,237 free men above age 15 who listed their occupation as part of the glass manufacturing process. [57] Pennsylvania accounted for 40% of the glassmaking employees. Other states with more than 100 glass workers were New Jersey, New York, Massachusetts, and Virginia (including what is now West Virginia). [57]
Barge glass works: Jacob Barge began producing glass in 1760 in the Province of Pennsylvania. [116] The works was located in Bucks County close to Philadelphia. Archeological evidence indicates that window glass was made using the cylinder method. Various types of bottles were also made. The glass works appears to have operated through 1784. [117]
In 1884 the Riverside Glass Works of Wellsburg, West Virginia, was the first flint glass manufacturer to achieve success with natural gas. [40] This led to a gas boom in Northwest Ohio and another gas boom in East Central Indiana, where glass manufacturers were attracted by the discovery low–cost natural gas in those regions. Waste and ...
Two large stained-glass windows installed by Hartford City Glass Company's Belgian glass workers A New England Glass Company ewer , 1840–1860 A Novelty Glass Company advertisement in 1891 An electrical insulator made by Whitall Tatum Company , circa 1922
One of the few successful American glass companies was the New England Glass Company, which was incorporated in 1818 and led by Deming Jarves—the "father of the American glass industry." [ 10 ] Using assistance from the Harvard University library and a British engineer named James B. Barnes , Jarves developed a way to produce red lead from ...