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This influential paper introduced the field of computer chess.) Shannon also estimated the number of possible positions, of the general order of !!!, or roughly . This includes some illegal positions (e.g., pawns on the first rank, both kings in check) and excludes legal positions following captures and promotions.
The number of legal positions in chess is estimated to be (4.59 ± 0.38) × 10 44 with a 95% confidence level, [143] with a game-tree complexity of approximately 10 123. The game-tree complexity of chess was first calculated by Claude Shannon as 10 120, a number known as the Shannon number. [144]
Staunton style chess pieces. Left to right: king, rook, queen, pawn, knight, bishop. The rules of chess (also known as the laws of chess) govern the play of the game of chess. Chess is a two-player abstract strategy board game. Each player controls sixteen pieces of six types on a chessboard. Each type of piece moves in a distinct way.
Values 0 through 8 represent all normal permutations of force. 9 is used if either side has three or more pieces of the same non-pawn type; these positions are possible in standard chess due to pawn promotion. The last two digits of the code represent the number of white and black pawns, respectively.
The starting position is borrowed from Grand Chess. By Kevin Hill (2005). Gemini Chess: [25] Uses a 10×8 board with two Archbishops. From an idea of Dr Zied Haddad in 2016. The difference from Janus Chess is the initial setup where the archbishops are sandwiching the queen and king remaining in the center of the board. Gemini Chess initial ...
This is a list of chess openings, organised by the Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings ... Kingside Move Order: 1. d4 Nf6 2. Nf3 c5 3. d5; Indian Defense: Pseudo-Benko: 1 ...
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4.52 × 10 46 legal chess positions. Chess: 4.52 × 10 46 is a proven upper bound for the number of chess positions allowed according to the rules of chess. [66] Geo: 1.33 × 10 50 is the estimated number of atoms on Earth.