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Abnormal motility Studies have shown altered muscle contractility and tone, bowel compliance, and transit may contribute to many of the gastrointestinal symptoms of FGID which may include diarrhea , constipation , and vomiting .
Diverticulosis is the condition of having multiple pouches (diverticula) in the colon that are not inflamed. These are outpockets of the colonic mucosa and submucosa through weaknesses of muscle layers in the colon wall. [1] Diverticula do not cause symptoms in most people. [2]
Micrograph of melanosis coli, with the characteristic mucosal lipofuscin-laden macrophages (brown). Melanosis coli, also pseudomelanosis coli, is a disorder of pigmentation of the wall of the colon, often identified at the time of colonoscopy. It is benign and may have no significant correlation with disease.
Ulcerative colitis involves the colonic mucosa. Crohn's disease may produce inflammation in all layers in any part of the gastrointestinal tract and so can result in transmural fistulae . Invasion of tumours through the layers of the gastrointestinal wall is used in staging of tumour spread.
Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome (SRUS) is a rare benign disease characterized by symptoms, clinical findings, and histological abnormalities. [9] Only 40% of patients have ulcers; 20% of patients have a single ulcer, and the remaining lesions range in size and form from broad-based polypoid to hyperemic mucosa. [10]
Rectal biopsies show normal mucosa. It is important and occasional difficult to distinguish SCAD from inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). [1] [7] Biopsies reveal histologic findings that are identical in both conditions. [1] However, ulcerative colitis usually affects the rectum and inflammation in IBD extends to areas of the colon without ...
Less commonly there may be ulcers in the anal canal or even in the sigmoid colon. [5] The nature of the tissue changes can vary from simple erythema (redness) / hyperaemia (increased blood flow) of the mucosa in 18% of cases, [1] to a chronic-appearing, small, shallow ulcer with nodular margins and a white or sloughing base.
Microscopic colitis is characterized by an increase in inflammatory cells, particularly lymphocytes, in colonic biopsies with an otherwise normal appearance and architecture of the colon. [2] Inflammatory cells are increased both in the surface epithelium ("intraepithelial lymphocytes") and in the lamina propria .