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Ancient Sumerian cylinder seal impression showing the god Dumuzid being tortured in the underworld by galla demons. The ancient Mesopotamian underworld (known in Sumerian as Kur, Irkalla, Kukku, Arali, or Kigal, and in Akkadian as Erṣetu), was the lowermost part of the ancient near eastern cosmos, roughly parallel to the region known as Tartarus from early Greek cosmology.
Gallu demons hauled unfortunate victims off to the underworld. They were one of seven devils (or "the offspring of hell") of Babylonian theology that could be appeased by the sacrifice of a lamb at their altars. [3] The goddess Inanna was pursued by gallu demons after being escorted from the Underworld by Galatura and Kuryara.
Of all Mesopotamian demons, the udug is the least clearly defined. [1] The word originally did not connote whether the demon in question was good or evil. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] In one of the two Gudea cylinders , King Gudea of Lagash (ruled c. 2144–2124 BCE) asks a goddess to send a "good udug" to protect him and a lama to guide him.
The Mesopotamian pantheon evolved greatly over the course of its history. [16] In general, the history of Mesopotamian religion can be divided into four phases. [16] During the first phase, starting in the fourth millennium BC, deities' domains mainly focused on basic needs for human survival. [17]
Demons originating in Mesopotamian myths. Subcategories. This category has the following 2 subcategories, out of 2 total. L. Lilith (2 C, 37 P) P. Pazuzu (1 C, 12 P)
There is a well documented use of Pazuzu in Mesopotamian white magic. [6] His inhuman and grotesque form can be inferred to have been used to frighten away unwanted guests, as well as prevent his wind-demon subjects from entering the home and wreaking havoc. [6]
In the Sumerian mythological poem Lugal-e, Asag or Azag (Sumerian: 𒀉𒉺 a₂-sag₃ Akkadian: asakku [1]), is a monstrous demon, so hideous that his presence alone makes fish boil alive in the rivers. Azag is a personification of winter cold and sicknesses. [2]
In Sumerian and Akkadian mythology, Anzû is a divine storm-bird and the personification of the southern wind and the thunder clouds. [4] This demon—half man and half bird—stole the "Tablet of Destinies" from Enlil and hid them on a mountaintop. Anu ordered the other gods to retrieve the tablet, even though they all feared the demon.