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The use of fetal scalp blood testing originated in Germany in 1961 and required 0.25 mL of blood drawn from the fetus. [1] As one of the first methods of monitoring fetal wellbeing during labor, there were many disadvantages including the need for at least 3 cm dilation of the mother and extreme precision from the physician performing the procedure. [9]
CTG monitoring is widely used to assess fetal well-being by identifying babies at risk of hypoxia (lack of oxygen). [2] CTG is mainly used during labour. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] A review found that in the antenatal period (before labour), there is no evidence to suggest that monitoring women with high-risk pregnancies benefits the mother or baby, although ...
An intrauterine pressure catheter (IUPC) is a catheter used during management of labor to measure uterine contractions by taking into account intrauterine pressure and contraction frequency, duration, and strength. [1] This is mainly of use for an obstetrician or midwife who wants to determine the amount of oxytocin (labor-inducing medication ...
During uterine contractions, fetal oxygenation is worsened. Late decelerations in fetal heart rate occurring during uterine contractions are associated with increased fetal death rate, growth retardation and neonatal depression. [1] [2] This test assesses fetal heart rate in response to uterine contractions via electronic fetal monitoring.
A method of external (noninvasive) fetal monitoring (EFM) during childbirth is cardiotocography (CTG), using a cardiotocograph that consists of two sensors: The heart (cardio) sensor is an ultrasonic sensor, similar to a Doppler fetal monitor, that continuously emits ultrasound and detects motion of the fetal heart by the characteristic of the ...
Maternal–fetal medicine (MFM), also known as perinatology, is a branch of medicine that focuses on managing health concerns of the mother and fetus prior to, during, and shortly after pregnancy. Maternal–fetal medicine specialists are physicians who subspecialize within the field of obstetrics. [ 1 ]
External fetal monitoring [9] During Labor, after rupture of amnioatic sac Invasive Spiral wire electrode attached to body part (typically the scalp) of fetus via cervical insertion Immediately Heart rate irregularities, monitoring fetal heart rate Fetal bruising/infection at attachment site
A normal nonstress test will show a baseline fetal heart rate between 110 and 160 beats per minute with moderate variability (5- to 25-interbeat variability) and 2 qualifying accelerations in 20 minutes with no decelerations. "Reactive" is defined as the presence of two or more fetal heart rate accelerations within a 20-minute period. Each ...