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Genetic engineering techniques allow the modification of animal and plant genomes. Techniques have been devised to insert, delete, and modify DNA at multiple levels, ranging from a specific base pair in a specific gene to entire genes. There are a number of steps that are followed before a genetically modified organism (GMO) is created.
DNA extraction. The first isolation of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was done in 1869 by Friedrich Miescher. [1] DNA extraction is the process of isolating DNA from the cells of an organism isolated from a sample, typically a biological sample such as blood, saliva, or tissue. It involves breaking open the cells, removing proteins and other ...
CRISPR gene editing. CRISPR-Cas9. CRISPR gene editing (CRISPR, pronounced / ˈkrɪspər / "crisper", refers to " c lustered r egularly i nterspaced s hort p alindromic r epeats") is a genetic engineering technique in molecular biology by which the genomes of living organisms may be modified. It is based on a simplified version of the bacterial ...
The plant cells are subjected to a strongly alkaline solution containing a detergent (usually a zwitterionic or nonionic detergent such as Tween 20), and the mixture is incubated at high temperature. This method is not used as often due to the sodium hydroxide's tendency to damage genetic material, reducing DNA fragment size.
Genome skimming is a sequencing approach that uses low-pass, shallow sequencing of a genome (up to 5%), to generate fragments of DNA, known as genome skims. [1][2] These genome skims contain information about the high-copy fraction of the genome. [2] The high-copy fraction of the genome consists of the ribosomal DNA, plastid genome (plastome ...
Gene delivery is the process of introducing foreign genetic material, such as DNA or RNA, into host cells. [1] Gene delivery must reach the genome of the host cell to induce gene expression. [2] Successful gene delivery requires the foreign gene delivery to remain stable within the host cell and can either integrate into the genome or replicate ...
DRIP-seq. DRIP-seq (DRIP-sequencing) is a technology for genome-wide profiling of a type of DNA-RNA hybrid called an "R-loop". [1] DRIP-seq utilizes a sequence-independent but structure-specific antibody for DNA-RNA immunoprecipitation (DRIP) to capture R-loops for massively parallel DNA sequencing. [1]
A genomic library is a collection of overlapping DNA fragments that together make up the total genomic DNA of a single organism. The DNA is stored in a population of identical vectors, each containing a different insert of DNA. In order to construct a genomic library, the organism's DNA is extracted from cells and then digested with a ...