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Islamic modernism is a movement that has been described as "the first Muslim ideological response to the Western cultural challenge", [Note 1] attempting to reconcile the Islamic faith with values perceived as modern such as democracy, civil rights, rationality, equality, and progress. [2]
Modernism/Reformism in the Indonesian context is defined by its pure adherence toward the Qur'an and Hadith, promotion of ijtihad (individual reasoning), rejection of madh'hab (Islamic schools of jurisprudence) and as well as criticism against taqlid (imitation of judicial precedence) to religious scholars, Sufism, and vernacular traditions based on syncretism with local practices.
Islam and modernity is a topic of discussion in contemporary sociology of religion.The history of Islam chronicles different interpretations and approaches. Modernity is a complex and multidimensional phenomenon rather than a unified and coherent one.
Yusuf Banuri, the favourite student of 'Allamah Anwar Shah Kashmiri (R'A), has written in his Yatīmatu-l-Bayān. Muqaddimah (Preface to) Mushkilātu-l-Qur'ān: The third is Tafseer Roohu-l-Ma'ani which in my opinion is an exegesis for the Qur'an on the pattern of Fath al-Bari, the exegesis of Sahih al-Bukhari, except that Fath al-Bari is the interpretation of human words.
"The most prominent of both modern and ancient astronomers have deeply studied the question of the moving earth, and tried to refute it. We, too, have composed a book on the subject called Miftah 'ilm al-hai'ah (Key of Astronomy), in which we think we have surpassed our predecessors, if not in the words, at all events in the matter."
"Traditional Islam In The Modern World". Anthropos. 85 (1/3). Anthropos Institut: 253– 255. ISSN 0257-9774. JSTOR 40462167. Hamès, Constant (1992). "Traditional Islam In The Modern World". Archives de sciences sociales des religions. 37 (80). EHESS: 282. JSTOR 30128648. Minault, Gail (1988). "Traditional Islam In The Modern World". Middle ...
19-20 Islam the true religion; 21-25 The punishment of unbelievers eternal; 26-27 God omnipotent and sovereign; 28-34 Obedience to the Rabbinical lineage of Abraham enjoined. 35-38 The Virgin Mary - her conception - nurtured by Zacharias; 39-41 John the Baptist, his birth; 42-57 Christ announced to the Virgin - his miracles, apostles etc.
Mount Qaf in Arabic tradition is a mysterious mountain renowned as the furthest point of the earth owing to its location at the far side of the ocean encircling the earth.