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The complications of diabetes can dramatically impair quality of life and cause long-lasting disability. Overall, complications are far less common and less severe in people with well-controlled blood sugar levels. [3] [4] [5] Some non-modifiable risk factors such as age at diabetes onset, type of diabetes, gender, and genetics may influence risk.
The disorder is often accompanied by low calcium blood levels, which can result in muscle spasms. [1] Causes include kidney failure, pseudohypoparathyroidism, hypoparathyroidism, diabetic ketoacidosis, tumor lysis syndrome, and rhabdomyolysis. [1] Diagnosis is generally based on a blood phosphate level exceeding 1.46 mmol/L (4.5 mg/dL). [1]
Hypophosphatemia is an electrolyte disorder in which there is a low level of phosphate in the blood. [1] Symptoms may include weakness, trouble breathing, and loss of appetite. [ 1 ] Complications may include seizures , coma , rhabdomyolysis , or softening of the bones .
Chronic hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) injures the heart in patients without a history of heart disease or diabetes and is strongly associated with heart attacks and death in subjects with no coronary heart disease or history of heart failure. [22] Also, a life-threatening consequence of hyperglycemia can be nonketotic hyperosmolar syndrome. [16]
Other conditions that can cause unconsciousness in a person with diabetes are stroke, uremic encephalopathy, alcohol, drug overdose, head injury, or seizure. Most patients do not reach the point of unconsciousness or coma in cases of diabetic hypoglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, or severe hyperosmolarity before a family member or caretaker ...
In terms of mortality, hypoglycemia causes death in 6–10% of type 1 diabetics. [ 3 ] [ verification needed ] In those with type 2 diabetes , hypoglycemia is less common compared to type 1 diabetics , because medications that treat type 2 diabetes like metformin , glitazones , alpha-glucosidase inhibitors , glucagon-like peptide 1 agonists ...
Type III glycogen storage disease. Can cause less severe hypoglycemia than type I; Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase deficiency, causes metabolic acidosis and severe hypoglycemia. Disorders of fatty acid oxidation; Medium chain acylCoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MCAD) Familial Leucine sensitive hypoglycemia [4]
The most common cause of hyperglycemia is diabetes. When diabetes is the cause, physicians typically recommend an anti-diabetic medication as treatment. From the perspective of the majority of patients, treatment with an old, well-understood diabetes drug such as metformin will be the safest, most effective, least expensive, and most ...