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Ultratech Stepper, Inc., was founded in 1979 by Leo de Bos, located in Santa Clara, California. The product line consisted of 1x microlithography steppers, using a unique catadioptric lens design. Until 1992, Ultratech Stepper, Inc., was a subsidiary of General Signal. Previous presidents included Leo de Bos and George Rutland.
Once this fine alignment is completed, the shot is exposed by light from the stepper's illumination system that passes through the reticle, through a reduction lens, and on to the surface of the wafer. A process program or "recipe" determines the length of the exposure, the reticle used, as well as other factors that affect the exposure.
In September 1990, Zafiropoulo was promoted to President of General Signal's Ultratech Stepper Division. [ 2 ] In March 1993 Zafiropoulo acquired certain assets and liabilities of the Ultratech Stepper Division of General Signal, and the new company became independent, as Ultratech Stepper, Inc. Zafiropoulo became the President, CEO and ...
The lenses in the highest resolution "dry" photolithography scanners focus light in a cone whose boundary is nearly parallel to the wafer surface. As it is impossible to increase resolution by further refraction, additional resolution is obtained by inserting an immersion medium with a higher index of refraction between the lens and the wafer.
The Micro Four Thirds system (MFT) of still and video cameras and lenses was released by Olympus and Panasonic in 2008; lenses built for MFT use a flange focal distance of 19.25 mm, covering an image sensor with dimensions 17.3 × 13.0 mm (21.6 mm diagonal).
The most famous example is the Rapid Rectilinear Lens developed by John Henry Dallmeyer in 1866. It allowed distortionless photos to be taken quickly for the first time, and was a standard lens design for 60 years. [1]: 59 As of 2020, the Laowa 9mm f/5.6 lens is the world's widest rectilinear lens for full frame cameras.
The optical system of the ELT showing the location of the mirrors. [1]Optical engineering is the field of engineering encompassing the physical phenomena and technologies associated with the generation, transmission, manipulation, detection, and utilization of light. [2]
Adaptive thin shell mirror. [5]Adaptive optics was first envisioned by Horace W. Babcock in 1953, [6] [7] and was also considered in science fiction, as in Poul Anderson's novel Tau Zero (1970), but it did not come into common usage until advances in computer technology during the 1990s made the technique practical.