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By 1809, in his Philosophie Zoologique, Lamarck had created 9 phyla apart from vertebrates (where he still had 4 phyla: mammals, birds, reptiles, and fish) and molluscs, namely cirripedes, annelids, crustaceans, arachnids, insects, worms, radiates, polyps, and infusorians. [6] Chordates are remarkably wormlike by ancestry. [7]
Reptiles, from Nouveau Larousse Illustré, 1897–1904, notice the inclusion of amphibians (below the crocodiles). In the 13th century, the category of reptile was recognized in Europe as consisting of a miscellany of egg-laying creatures, including "snakes, various fantastic monsters, lizards, assorted amphibians, and worms", as recorded by Beauvais in his Mirror of Nature. [7]
Distraction eye, many fish have spot on the tail to fool potential predators and prey; both are not sure which is the front, the direction of travel. [133] Gills appear in unrelated fish, some amphibians, some crustacean, aquatic insects and some mollusk, like freshwater snails, squid, octopus. [134]
Ambulacraria are exclusively marine and include acorn worms, starfish, sea urchins, and sea cucumbers. [148] The chordates are dominated by the vertebrates (animals with backbones), [149] which consist of fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. [150] [151] [152] The Spiralia develop with spiral cleavage in the embryo, as here in a sea ...
Sauria lies within the larger total group Sauropsida, which also contains various stem-reptiles which are more closely related to reptiles than to mammals. [3] Prior to its modern usage, "Sauria" was used as a name for the suborder occupied by lizards , which before 1800 were considered crocodilians.
The idea of a tree of life arose from ancient notions of a ladder-like progression from lower into higher forms of life (such as in the Great Chain of Being).Early representations of "branching" phylogenetic trees include a "paleontological chart" showing the geological relationships among plants and animals in the book Elementary Geology, by Edward Hitchcock (first edition: 1840).
The annelids (/ ˈ æ n ə l ɪ d z /), also known as the segmented worms, are animals that comprise the phylum Annelida (/ ə ˈ n ɛ l ɪ d ə /; from Latin anellus 'little ring'). [ 3 ] [ a ] The phylum contains over 22,000 extant species , including ragworms , earthworms , and leeches .
An evolutionary tree (of Amniota, for example, the last common ancestor of mammals and reptiles, and all its descendants) illustrates the initial conditions causing evolutionary patterns of similarity (e.g., all Amniotes produce an egg that possesses the amnios) and the patterns of divergence amongst lineages (e.g., mammals and reptiles ...