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Tic disorders are defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) based on type (motor or phonic) and duration of tics (sudden, rapid, nonrhythmic movements). [1] Tic disorders are defined similarly by the World Health Organization ( ICD-10 codes).
Knowledge, education and understanding are uppermost in management plans for tic disorders, [6] and psychoeducation is the first step. [14] [15] A child's parents are typically the first to notice their tics; [16] they may feel worried, imagine that they are somehow responsible, or feel burdened by misinformation about Tourette's. [14]
Motor tics are movement-based tics affecting discrete muscle groups. [4]Phonic tics are involuntary sounds produced by moving air through the nose, mouth, or throat. They may be alternately referred to as verbal tics or vocal tics, but most diagnosticians prefer the term phonic tics to reflect the notion that the vocal cords are not involved in all tics that produce sound.
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The Motor tic, Obsessions and compulsions, Vocal tic Evaluation Survey (MOVES) is a psychological measure used to screen for tics and other behaviors. [1] It measures "motor tics, vocal tics, obsessions, compulsions, and associated symptoms including echolalia , echopraxia , coprolalia , and copropraxia ".
Among those with an older age of onset, more substance abuse and mood disorders are found, and there may be self-injurious tics. Adults who have severe, often treatment-resistant tics are more likely to also have mood disorders and OCD. [47] Coprolalia is more likely in people with severe tics plus multiple comorbid conditions. [32]
Typically, symptoms of coprolalia follow the development of phonic or motor tics by four to seven years. The severity of symptoms tends to peak during adolescence and subside during adulthood. [9] In Tourette syndrome, compulsive swearing can be uncontrollable and undesired by the person uttering the phrases.
Tic disorders (involuntary, compulsive, repetitive, stereotyped) F95 Tourette's syndrome: F95.2 Stereotypic movement disorder: F98.5 Huntington's disease (Huntington's chorea) 333.4 G10 Dystonia: G24 Drug induced dystonia: G24.0 Idiopathic familial dystonia 333.6 G24.1 Idiopathic nonfamilial dystonia 333.7 G24.2 Spasmodic torticollis: 333.83 G24.3