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Circumcision in Africa, and the rites of initiation in Africa, as well as "the frequent resemblance between details of ceremonial procedure in areas thousands of kilometres apart, indicate that the circumcision ritual has an old tradition behind it and in its present form is the result of a long process of development."
In New Zealand routine circumcision for which there is no medical indication is uncommon and no longer publicly funded within the public hospital system. [99] In a study of men born in 1972–1973 in Dunedin, 40.2% were circumcised. [100] In a study of men born in 1977 in Christchurch, 26.1% were circumcised. [101]
Ulwaluko is a traditional circumcision and initiation rite practised (though not exclusively) by the Xhosa people, and is commonly practised throughout South Africa. The ritual is traditionally intended as a teaching institution, to prepare young males for the responsibilities of manhood. [ 1 ]
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53. Drain PK et al. Male circumcision, religion and infectious diseases: an ecologic analysis of 118 developing countries. BMC Infect Dis, 2006, 6(1):172. 54. Williams BG et al. The potential impact of male circumcision on HIV in sub-Saharan Africa. PLoS Med, 2006, 3(7):262. 55. International religious freedom report for 2004.
[34] [35] Circumcision involves either a conventional "cut and stitch" surgical procedure or use of a circumcision instrument or device. Complications are rare. [36] [37] [38] Modern proponents say that circumcision reduces the risks of a range of infections and diseases and confers sexual benefits.
Infibulation is the ritual removal of the vulva and its suturing, a practice found mainly in northeastern Africa, particularly in Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, and Sudan. [1] The World Health Organization refers to the procedure as Type III female genital mutilation .
Luo men from Western Kenya are a significant exception, for which reason they have regularly been subjected to forced circumcision. [58] In August 2002, following a violent incident in Butere/Mumias District , a district commissioner instructed the police to "crack down on traditional surgeons involved in forcible circumcision."