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The cerebral blood volume value of gray matter is about 3.5 +/- 0.4 ml/100g, and the white matter is about 1.7 +/- 0.4 ml/100g. The gray matter is nearly twice that of white matter. [3] In both white and gray matter, cerebral blood volume decreases by about 0.50% per year with increasing age. [4]
Vascular dementia can be caused by ischemic or hemorrhagic infarcts affecting multiple brain areas, including the anterior cerebral artery territory, the parietal lobes, or the cingulate gyrus. [5] On rare occasion, infarcts in the hippocampus or thalamus are the cause of dementia. [ 12 ]
The number of cases of dementia worldwide in 2021 was estimated at 55 million, with close to 10 million new cases each year. [2] According to a report by the World Health Organization, "In 2021, Alzheimer’s disease and other forms of dementia ranked as the seventh leading cause of death, killing 1.8 million lives."
Cerebral blood flow (CBF) is the blood supply to the brain in a given period of time. [8] In an adult, CBF is typically 750 millilitres per minute or 15.8 ± 5.7% of the cardiac output . [ 9 ] This equates to an average perfusion of 50 to 54 millilitres of blood per 100 grams of brain tissue per minute.
Since vascular dementia is the second most common form of dementia (after Alzheimer's disease), reducing the risk of cerebrovascular disease also reduces the risk of dementia. [13] Thus, physical exercise, having good blood cholesterol, healthy body weight and blood pressure lowers the risk of developing dementia. [10]
Cerebral pulsatility: Webb described this as “stronger pulsations of blood flow to the brain with each heart beat.” Cerebrovascular reactivity: This is “reduced responsiveness of blood ...
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Regarding incidence, cohort longitudinal studies (studies where a disease-free population is followed over the years) provide rates between 10 and 15 per thousand person-years for all dementias and 5–8 for AD, [236] [237] which means that half of new dementia cases each year are Alzheimer's disease. Advancing age is a primary risk factor for ...