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General relativity can be employed to describe the universe on the largest possible scale. There are several possible solutions to the equations of general relativity, and each solution implies a possible ultimate fate of the universe. Alexander Friedmann proposed several solutions in 1922, as did Georges Lemaître in 1927. [4]
22 billion years in the future is the earliest possible end of the Universe in the Big Rip scenario, assuming a model of dark energy with w = −1.5. [21] [22] False vacuum decay may occur in 20 to 30 billion years if the Higgs field is metastable. [23] [24] [25]
Speculatively, it is possible that the universe may enter a second inflationary epoch, or assuming that the current vacuum state is a false vacuum, the vacuum may decay into a lower-energy state. [15]:§VE It is also possible that entropy production will cease and the universe will reach heat death. [15]:§VID
In the far future long after star formation has ceased the universe will be populated by sparse degenerate remnants, mostly white dwarfs, though their ultimate fate is an open question.
Is the mismatch at the lower end - 4-5% - or the higher end - 10-12% - of what the current data allows? Over what range of cosmic time is it present? These will further inform ideas," Riess said.
However, it may still be possible to determine the expansion of the universe through the study of hypervelocity stars. [131] 1.05×10 12 (1.05 trillion) The estimated time by which the universe will have expanded by a factor of more than 10 26, reducing the average particle density to less than one particle per cosmological horizon volume ...
The Big Crunch is a hypothetical scenario for the ultimate fate of the universe, in which the expansion of the universe eventually reverses and the universe recollapses, ultimately causing the cosmic scale factor to reach absolute zero, an event potentially followed by a reformation of the universe starting with another Big Bang.
In physical cosmology, the Big Rip is a hypothetical cosmological model concerning the ultimate fate of the universe, in which the matter of the universe, from stars and galaxies to atoms and subatomic particles, and even spacetime itself, is progressively torn apart by the expansion of the universe at a certain time in the future, until distances between particles will infinitely increase.