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Following the Industrial Revolution, cigarettes became hugely popular worldwide. In the mid-20th century, medical research demonstrated severe negative health effects of tobacco smoking such as lung cancer, which led to governments adopting policies to force a sharp decline in tobacco use.
While the Southern Europeans began smoking earlier, it was the long-stemmed pipes of the northerners that became popular in East and Southeast Asia. Tobacco smoking arrived through expatriates in the Philippines and was introduced as early as the 1570s. [22]
The Tobacco Kingdom: Plantation, Market, and Factory in Virginia and North Carolina, 1800-1860(Duke University Press, 1938), a major scholarly study. Robert, Joseph C. The Story of Tobacco in America (1959), by a scholar. online; Swanson, Drew A. A Golden Weed: Tobacco and Environment in the Piedmont South (Yale University Press, 2014) 360pp
The Story of Tobacco in America (UNC 1949) Robert, Joseph Clarke. "The Tobacco Kingdom: Plantation, Market, and Factory in Virginia and North Carolina, 1800-1860 (Duke University Press, 1938). Tilley, Nannie May The Bright Tobacco Industry 1860–1929 ISBN 0-405-04728-2. online; Tilley, Nannie May The R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company (1985) online
An illustration from Frederick William Fairholt's Tobacco, its History and Association, 1859 Tobacco plant and tobacco leaf from the Deli plantations in Sumatra, 1905. Following the arrival of the Europeans to the Americas, tobacco became increasingly popular as a trade item.
Tobacco, however, was considered to be more artisanal and craft-like, with limitless opportunities to improve yield and quality. [16] Thus, the most profitable cotton and rice operations were large and factory-like, while tobacco profits hinged on skilled, careful, and efficient labor units.
The 20th century witnessed an explosive increase in the popularity of cigarettes as the predominant and preferred type of tobacco product, first in the Western world, and later throughout much of the rest of the world, due to which both nasal snuff and other tobacco products became much less popular among tobacco consumers.
Tobacco smoke is a complex mixture of over 7,000 toxic chemicals, 98 of which are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and 69 of which are known to be carcinogenic. [86] The most important chemicals causing cancer are those that produce DNA damage, since such damage appears to be the primary underlying cause of cancer. [104]