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Gregorian chant is the central tradition of Western plainchant, a form of monophonic, unaccompanied sacred song in Latin (and occasionally Greek) of the Roman Catholic Church. Gregorian chant developed mainly in western and central Europe during the 9th and 10th centuries, with later additions and redactions.
A plagal mode (from Greek πλάγιος 'oblique, sideways, athwart') [7] [8] has a range that includes the octave from the fourth below the final to the fifth above. The plagal modes are the even-numbered modes 2, 4, 6 and 8, and each takes its name from the corresponding odd-numbered authentic mode with the addition of the prefix "hypo-": Hypodorian, Hypophrygian, Hypolydian, and ...
Gregorian melodies are traditionally written using neumes, an early form of musical notation from which the modern four-line and five-line staff developed. [1] Multi-voice elaborations of Gregorian chant, known as organum, were an early stage in the development of Western polyphony.
The concept of "mode" in Western music theory has three successive stages: in Gregorian chant theory, in Renaissance polyphonic theory, and in tonal harmonic music of the common practice period. In all three contexts, "mode" incorporates the idea of the diatonic scale , but differs from it by also involving an element of melody type .
In chant, a reciting tone (also called a recitation tone) can refer to either a repeated musical pitch or to the entire melodic formula for which that pitch is a structural note. In Gregorian chant , the first is also called tenor , dominant or tuba , while the second includes psalm tones (each with its own associated Gregorian mode ) as well ...
In modern Gregorian chant notation the C clef is written (on a four-line staff) in the form and the F clef as . The flourish at the top of the G-clef probably derives from a cursive S for "sol", the name for "G" in solfege. [15] Vocal music can be contracted into two staffs, using the treble and bass clefs.
The early notation of plainchant, particularly Gregorian chant, used a series of shapes called neumes, which served as reminders of music that was taught by rote rather than as an exact record of which notes to sing. Neumes were in use from the 9th through the 11th centuries AD for most plainsong, and differed by region.
"Viderunt omnes" is a Gregorian chant based on Psalm XCVIII (98), sung as the gradual [1] at the Masses of Christmas Day and historically on its octave, the Feast of the Circumcision. Two of the many settings of the text are famous as being among the earliest pieces of polyphony by known composers, Léonin and Pérotin of the Notre Dame school.