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Atoms will gain or lose electrons depending on which action takes the least energy. For example, a sodium atom, Na, has a single electron in its valence shell, surrounding 2 stable, filled inner shells of 2 and 8 electrons. Since these filled shells are very stable, a sodium atom tends to lose its extra electron and attain this stable ...
Diprotic acids consist of two ionizable hydrogen atoms in each molecule. [12] In an aqueous solution, partial dissociation of carbonic acid releases a hydrogen proton (H + ) and a bicarbonate ion (HCO 3 − ), and subsequently, the bicarbonate ion dissociates into an additional hydrogen proton and a carbonate ion (CO 3 2- ). [ 13 ]
It is one of the main types of bonding, along with covalent bonding and metallic bonding. Ions are atoms (or groups of atoms) with an electrostatic charge. Atoms that gain electrons make negatively charged ions (called anions). Atoms that lose electrons make positively charged ions (called cations).
The trend in the ionization energy of atoms is often used to demonstrate the periodic behavior of atoms with respect to the atomic number, as summarized by ordering atoms in Mendeleev's table. This is a valuable tool for establishing and understanding the ordering of electrons in atomic orbitals without going into the details of wave functions ...
The oxidant removes electrons from another substance, and is thus itself reduced. [8]: A50 Because it "accepts" electrons, the oxidizing agent is also called an electron acceptor. Oxidants are usually chemical substances with elements in high oxidation states [3]: 159 (e.g., N 2 O 4, MnO − 4, CrO 3, Cr 2 O 2− 7, OsO
When the temperature drops below the ionization potential, atoms become statistically favorable. Atoms (complete with bound electrons) became to dominate over charged particles 380,000 years after the Big Bang—an epoch called recombination, when the expanding Universe cooled enough to allow electrons to become attached to nuclei. [120]
An atom with a closed shell of valence electrons (corresponding to a noble gas configuration) tends to be chemically inert. Atoms with one or two valence electrons more than a closed shell are highly reactive due to the relatively low energy to remove the extra valence electrons to form a positive ion. An atom with one or two electrons fewer ...
Electrons jumping to energy levels of smaller n emit electromagnetic radiation in the form of a photon. Electrons can also absorb passing photons, which drives a quantum jump to a level of higher n. The larger the energy separation between the electron's initial and final state, the shorter the photons' wavelength. [4]