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In topology and in calculus, a round function is a scalar function, over a manifold, whose critical points form one or several connected components, each homeomorphic to the circle, also called critical loops. They are special cases of Morse-Bott functions.
In this case, one gets a parallel curve on the opposite side of the curve (see diagram on the parallel curves of a circle). One can easily check that a parallel curve of a line is a parallel line in the common sense, and the parallel curve of a circle is a concentric circle.
Convergence of parallel lines can refer to: In everyday life, the vanishing point phenomenon; Non-Euclidean geometry in which Euclid's parallel postulate does not hold
Draw a line through two points; Draw a circle through a point with a given center; Find the intersection point of two lines; Find the intersection points of two circles; Find the intersection points of a line and a circle; The initial elements in a geometric construction are called the "givens", such as a given point, a given line or a given ...
Poincaré disc: The pink line is ultraparallel to the blue line and the green lines are limiting parallel to the blue line. In hyperbolic geometry, two lines are said to be ultraparallel if they do not intersect and are not limiting parallel. The ultraparallel theorem states that every pair of (distinct) ultraparallel lines has a unique common ...
On the sphere there is no such thing as a parallel line. Line a is a great circle, the equivalent of a straight line in spherical geometry. Line c is equidistant to line a but is not a great circle. It is a parallel of latitude. Line b is another geodesic which intersects a in two antipodal points. They share two common perpendiculars (one ...
Since a single round is usually cryptographically weak, many attacks that fail to work against the full version of ciphers will work on such reduced-round variants. The result of such attack provides valuable information about the strength of the algorithm, [9] a typical break of the full cipher starts out as a success against a reduced-round ...
A necessary condition for two lines to intersect is that they are in the same plane—that is, are not skew lines. Satisfaction of this condition is equivalent to the tetrahedron with vertices at two of the points on one line and two of the points on the other line being degenerate in the sense of having zero volume.