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Evolutionary mechanisms suggesting that reciprocity is the result, not the cause, of the evolution of cooperation [ edit ] In the light of the iterated prisoner's dilemma game and the reciprocal altruism theory failing to provide full answers to the evolutionary stability of cooperation, several alternative explanations have been proposed.
Direct reciprocity was proposed by Robert Trivers as a mechanism for the evolution of cooperation. [1] If there are repeated encounters between the same two players in an evolutionary game in which each of them can choose either to "cooperate" or "defect", then a strategy of mutual cooperation may be favoured even if it pays each player, in the short term, to defect when the other cooperates.
The book provides a detailed explanation of the evolution of cooperation, beyond traditional game theory. Academic literature regarding forms of cooperation that are not easily explained in traditional game theory, especially when considering evolutionary biology , largely took its modern form as a result of Axelrod's and Hamilton's influential ...
The species-level categories (often called "ultimate explanations") are the function (i.e., adaptation) that a behavior serves and; the evolutionary process (i.e., phylogeny) that resulted in this functionality. The individual-level categories (often called "proximate explanations") are the development of the individual (i.e., ontogeny) and
In evolutionary biology, five mechanisms for the evolution of cooperation have been suggested: (i) kin selection, (ii) direct reciprocity, (iii) indirect reciprocity, (iv) spatial structure, and (v) group selection.
Early explanations of social behaviour, such as the lekking of blackcock, spoke of "the good of the species". [1] Blackcocks at the Lek watercolour and bodycolour by Archibald Thorburn, 1901. Group selection is a proposed mechanism of evolution in which natural selection acts at the level of the group, instead of at the level of the individual ...
Models of food-sharing are based upon general evolutionary theory. When applied to human behavior, these models are considered a branch of human behavioral ecology. Researchers have developed several types of food-sharing models, involving phenomena such as kin selection, reciprocal altruism, tolerated theft, group cooperation, and costly ...
The co-operative behaviour of social insects like the honey bee can be explained by kin selection.. Kin selection is a process whereby natural selection favours a trait due to its positive effects on the reproductive success of an organism's relatives, even when at a cost to the organism's own survival and reproduction. [1]