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  2. Positive and normative economics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_and_normative...

    Positive economics as a science concerns the investigation of economic behavior. [4] It deals with empirical facts as well as cause-and-effect relationships. It emphasizes that economic theories must be consistent with existing observations and produce precise, verifiable predictions about the phenomena under investigation.

  3. Procyclical and countercyclical variables - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procyclical_and...

    Other schools of economic thought, such as new classical macroeconomics, [citation needed] hold that countercyclical policies may be counterproductive or destabilizing, and therefore favor a laissez-faire fiscal policy as a better method for maintaining an overall robust economy. When the government adopts a countercyclical fiscal policy in ...

  4. An Essay on the Nature and Significance of Economic Science

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Essay_on_the_Nature_and...

    Robbins develops and defends several propositions about the relation of scarcity to economics and of economic theory to science, including the following. [2] "Economics is the science which studies human behaviour as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses." (1935, p. 15)

  5. Glossary of economics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_economics

    Also called resource cost advantage. The ability of a party (whether an individual, firm, or country) to produce a greater quantity of a good, product, or service than competitors using the same amount of resources. absorption The total demand for all final marketed goods and services by all economic agents resident in an economy, regardless of the origin of the goods and services themselves ...

  6. Pareto efficiency - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pareto_efficiency

    Besides economics, the notion of Pareto efficiency has also been applied to selecting alternatives in engineering and biology. Each option is first assessed, under multiple criteria, and then a subset of options is identified with the property that no other option can categorically outperform the specified option.

  7. Ordination (statistics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordination_(statistics)

    Ordination or gradient analysis, in multivariate analysis, is a method complementary to data clustering, and used mainly in exploratory data analysis (rather than in hypothesis testing). In contrast to cluster analysis, ordination orders quantities in a (usually lower-dimensional) latent space. In the ordination space, quantities that are near ...

  8. Essays in Positive Economics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essays_in_Positive_Economics

    The essay argues that economics as science should be free of normative judgments for it to be respected as objective and to inform normative economics (for example whether to raise the minimum wage). Normative judgments frequently involve implicit predictions about the consequences of different policies.

  9. Phillips curve - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillips_curve

    In these macroeconomic models with sticky prices, there is a positive relation between the rate of inflation and the level of demand, and therefore a negative relation between the rate of inflation and the rate of unemployment. This relationship is often called the "New Keynesian Phillips curve".