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Electronegativity is not a uniquely defined property and may depend on the definition. The suggested values are all taken from WebElements as a consistent set. Many of the highly radioactive elements have values that must be predictions or extrapolations, but are unfortunately not marked as such.
Because carbon is more electronegative than hydrogen, the electron density in a C-H bond will be shortened and the C-F bond will be elongated. The same trend also holds for the chlorinated analogs of methane, although the effect is less dramatic because chlorine is less electronegative than fluorine. [2]
Electrostatic potential map of a water molecule, where the oxygen atom has a more negative charge (red) than the positive (blue) hydrogen atoms. Electronegativity, symbolized as χ, is the tendency for an atom of a given chemical element to attract shared electrons (or electron density) when forming a chemical bond. [1]
The carbon–fluorine bond of the smaller molecules is formed in three principal ways: Fluorine replaces a halogen or hydrogen, or adds across a multiple bond. The direct reaction of hydrocarbons with fluorine gas can be dangerously reactive, so the temperature may need to be lowered even to −150 °C (−240 °F). [115] "
An ubiquitous example of a hydrogen bond is found between water molecules. In a discrete water molecule, there are two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. The simplest case is a pair of water molecules with one hydrogen bond between them, which is called the water dimer and is often used as a model system. When more molecules are present, as is ...
Hydrogen and fluorine combine to yield hydrogen fluoride, in which discrete molecules form clusters by hydrogen bonding, resembling water more than hydrogen chloride. [ 126 ] [ 127 ] [ 128 ] It boils at a much higher temperature than heavier hydrogen halides and unlike them is miscible with water. [ 129 ]
The hydrogen fluoride, HF, molecule is polar by virtue of polar covalent bonds – in the covalent bond electrons are displaced toward the more electronegative fluorine atom. The ammonia molecule, NH 3 , is polar as a result of its molecular geometry.
Under extreme conditions, krypton reacts with fluorine to form KrF 2 according to the following equation: Kr + F 2 → KrF 2. Compounds in which krypton forms a single bond to nitrogen and oxygen have also been characterized, [51] but are only stable below −60 °C (−76 °F) and −90 °C (−130 °F) respectively. [40]