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The Linguistic Atlas of the Upper Midwest (LAUM), directed by Harold B. Allen, is a series of linguistic maps describing the dialects of the American Upper Midwest.LAUM consists of 800 maps over three volumes, with a map for each linguistic item surveyed.
People living in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan (whose demonym and sometimes sub-dialect is known as "Yooper," deriving from the acronym "U.P." for "Upper Peninsula"), many northern areas of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, and in Northern Wisconsin are largely of Finnish, French Canadian, Cornish, Scandinavian, German or Native American ...
Northern Cities Shift as a vowel chart, based on image in Labov, Ash, and Boberg (1997)'s "A national map of the regional dialects of American English". The Northern Cities Vowel Shift or simply Northern Cities Shift is a chain shift of vowels and the defining accent feature of the Inland North dialect region, though it can also be found ...
Midwestern or Upper Northern dialects or accents of American English are any of those associated with the Midwestern region of the United States, and they include: . General American English, the most widely perceived "mainstream" American English accent, sometimes considered "Midwestern" in character, particularly prior to the Northern Cities Vowel Shift.
The dialect region "Midland" was first labeled in the 1890s, [13] but only first defined (tentatively) by Hans Kurath in 1949 as centered on central Pennsylvania and expanding westward and southward to include most of Pennsylvania, and the Appalachian regions of Kentucky, Tennessee, and all of West Virginia.
The North Central ("Upper Midwest") dialect, including an Upper Michigan sub-type, is defined by: Cot–caught merger to ⓘ [16] GOAT is [oʊ] (and may even monophthongize to [o]) [16] GOOSE is [u] [16] Inland Northern The Inland Northern ("Great Lakes") dialect is defined by: No cot–caught merger: the cot vowel is [ɑ̈~a] and caught vowel ...
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Many Upper Midwesterners have a full cot-caught merger, however, which disqualifies this dialect from the ANAE's traditional definition for a "Northern" dialect region in the United States. Northwestern American English similarly does not qualify under the ANAE definition, instead falling broadly under Western American English , not Northern.