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voiceless velar plosive [k] (kick, cat) ejective velar lateral affricate [k͡𝼄ʼ] ... but occur as phonetic detail or through speech defects. bilabial percussive [ʬ]
The following is the chart of the International Phonetic Alphabet, a standardized system of phonetic symbols devised and maintained by the International Phonetic Association.
For example, labialized kʷ may mean either simultaneous [k] and [w] or else [k] with a labialized release. Superscript diacritics placed before a letter, on the other hand, normally indicate a modification of the onset of the sound ( mˀ glottalized [m] , ˀm [m] with a glottal onset).
A third labial articulation is dentolabials, articulated with the upper lip against the lower teeth (the reverse of labiodental), normally only found in pathological speech. Generally precluded are linguolabials , in which the tip of the tongue contacts the posterior side of the upper lip, making them coronals , though sometimes, they behave as ...
The IPA chart shades out labiodental lateral consonants. [7] This is sometimes read as indicating that such sounds are not possible. In fact, the fricatives [f] and [v] often have lateral airflow, but no language makes a distinction for centrality, and the allophony is not noticeable.
The part-of-speech field is used to disambiguate 770 of the words which have differing pronunciations depending on their part-of-speech. For example, for the words spelled close, the verb has the pronunciation / ˈ k l oʊ z /, whereas the adjective is / ˈ k l oʊ s /. The parts-of-speech have been assigned the following codes:
In Irish, c usually represents a hard /k/, but represents /c/ before e or i, or after i. In Scottish Gaelic, broad c is one of /kʰ ʰk ʰk k/, and slender c is one of /kʰʲ ʰkʲ ʰkʲ kʲ/, depending on the phonetic environment. A number of orthographies do not make a hard/soft distinction.
The alveolar or dental consonants [t] and [n] are, along with [k], the most common consonants in human languages. [6] Nonetheless, there are a few languages that lack them. A few languages on Bougainville Island and around Puget Sound , such as Makah , lack nasals and therefore [n] but have [t] .