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Inverse spinel structures have a different cation distribution in that all of the A cations and half of the B cations occupy octahedral sites, while the other half of the B cations occupy tetrahedral sites. An example of an inverse spinel is Fe 3 O 4, if the Fe 2+ (A 2+) ions are d 6 high-spin and the Fe 3+ (B 3+) ions are d 5 high-spin.
The transparent red spinels were called spinel-rubies [14] or balas rubies. [15] In the past, before the arrival of modern science, spinels and rubies were equally known as rubies. After the 18th century, the word ruby was only used for the red gem variety of the mineral corundum, and the word spinel came to be used. [16] "
Cuprospinel is a mineral.Cuprospinel is an inverse spinel with the chemical formula CuFe 2 O 4, where copper substitutes some of the iron cations in the structure. [4] [5] Its structure is similar to that of magnetite, Fe 3 O 4, yet with slightly different chemical and physical properties due to the presence of copper.
The number of vertebrae in a region can vary but overall the number remains the same. In a human spinal column, there are normally 33 vertebrae. [3] The upper 24 pre-sacral vertebrae are articulating and separated from each other by intervertebral discs, and the lower nine are fused in adults, five in the sacrum and four in the coccyx, or tailbone.
An exception exists for ɣ-Fe 2 O 3 which has a spinel crystalline form and is widely used a magnetic recording substrate. [ 16 ] [ 17 ] However the structure is not an ordinary spinel structure , but rather the inverse spinel structure: One eighth of the tetrahedral holes are occupied by B cations, one fourth of the octahedral sites are ...
Sectional organization of spinal cord. The spinal cord is the main pathway for information connecting the brain and peripheral nervous system. [3] [4] Much shorter than its protecting spinal column, the human spinal cord originates in the brainstem, passes through the foramen magnum, and continues through to the conus medullaris near the second lumbar vertebra before terminating in a fibrous ...
It belongs to the spinel group of minerals, as does magnetite, Fe 3 O 4. Ulvöspinel forms as solid solutions with magnetite at high temperatures and reducing conditions, and grains crystallized from some basalt - gabbro magmas are rich in the ulvöspinel component.
Mn 3 O 4 has the spinel structure, where the oxide ions are cubic close packed and the Mn II occupy tetrahedral sites and the Mn III octahedral sites. [3] The structure is distorted due to the Jahn–Teller effect. [3]