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A large number of pregnant women have been found to have low levels of vitamin B12, but supplementation has not yet been shown to improve pregnancy outcome or the health of the newborn. [12] Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, specifically docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), are beneficial for fetal development ...
Other examples of fishes that reduce their activity levels under hypoxia include the common sole, [28] the guppy, [29] the small-spotted catshark, [30] and the viviparous eelpout. [31] Some sharks that ram-ventilate their gills may understandably increase their swimming speeds under hypoxia, to bring more water to the gills.
It is the phenomenon where an increased proton or carbon dioxide concentration (lower pH) lowers hemoglobin's affinity and carrying capacity for oxygen. [1] [2] The Root effect is to be distinguished from the Bohr effect where only the affinity to oxygen is reduced. Hemoglobins showing the Root effect show a loss of cooperativity at low pH.
The bacteria oxidize H 2 S from the vent with O 2 from the water to produce energy to make food from H 2 O and CO 2. The worms' upper end is a deep-red fan-like structure ("plume"), which extends into the water and absorbs H 2 S and O 2 for the bacteria, and CO 2 for use as synthetic raw material similar to photosynthetic plants.
The most common and successful treatment used to treat patients with high levels of methemoglobinemia is the antidote methylene blue. Methylene blue is already recognized as a product of the reversible reaction fueled by NAPHD methemoglobin reductase, catalyzed by leukcomethylene, to reduce methemoglobin to hemoglobin.
The aquatic microbial loop is a marine trophic pathway which incorporates dissolved organic carbon into the food chain.. The microbial loop describes a trophic pathway where, in aquatic systems, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is returned to higher trophic levels via its incorporation into bacterial biomass, and then coupled with the classic food chain formed by phytoplankton-zooplankton-nekton.
In addition, the heightened levels of nitric oxide that followed as an inevitable consequence of the loss of hemoglobin and myoglobin may have actually provided an automatic compensation, allowing for the fish to make up for the hit to their oxygen transport system and thereby providing a grace period of the fixation of these less than ...
The study compared oxyhemocyanin levels in the blood of white shrimp housed in an indoor pond with a commercial diet with that of white shrimp housed in an outdoor pond with a more readily available protein source (natural live food) as well. Oxyhemocyanin and blood glucose levels were higher in shrimp housed in outdoor ponds.