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CRC checksums cannot be used to verify the authenticity of files, as CRC32 is not a collision resistant hash function -- even if the hash sum file is not tampered with, it is computationally trivial for an attacker to replace a file with the same CRC digest as the original file, meaning that a malicious change in the file is not detected by a ...
Often, an additional hash of the hash list itself (a top hash, also called root hash or master hash) is used.Before downloading a file on a p2p network, in most cases the top hash is acquired from a trusted source, for instance a friend or a web site that is known to have good recommendations of files to download.
Collection #1 is a set of email addresses and passwords that appeared on the dark web around January 2019. The database contains over 773 million unique email addresses and 21 million unique passwords, resulting in more than 2.7 billion email/password pairs.
Such file hashes are often the top hash of a hash list or a hash tree, which allows for additional benefits. One of the main applications of a hash function is to allow the fast look-up of data in a hash table. Being hash functions of a particular kind, cryptographic hash functions lend themselves well to this application too.
Typical IoCs are virus signatures and IP addresses, MD5 hashes of malware files, or URLs or domain names of botnet command and control servers. After IoCs have been identified via a process of incident response and computer forensics, they can be used for early detection of future attack attempts using intrusion detection systems and antivirus software.
This is a list of reports about data breaches, using data compiled from various sources, including press reports, government news releases, and mainstream news articles. The list includes those involving the theft or compromise of 30,000 or more records, although many smaller breaches occur continually.
Hashes described here are designed for fast computation and have roughly similar speeds. [31] Because most users typically choose short passwords formed in predictable ways, passwords can often be recovered from their hashed value if a fast hash is used.
This attack is normally harder, a hash of n bits can be broken in 2 (n/2)+1 time steps, but is much more powerful than a classical collision attack. Mathematically stated, given two different prefixes p 1, p 2, the attack finds two suffixes s 1 and s 2 such that hash(p 1 ∥ s 1) = hash(p 2 ∥ s 2) (where ∥ is the concatenation operation).