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Because Base64 is a six-bit encoding, and because the decoded values are divided into 8-bit octets, every four characters of Base64-encoded text (4 sextets = 4 × 6 = 24 bits) represents three octets of unencoded text or data (3 octets = 3 × 8 = 24 bits). This means that when the length of the unencoded input is not a multiple of three, the ...
The overhead of 64b/66b encoding is 2 coding bits for every 64 payload bits or 3.125%. This is a considerable improvement on the 25% overhead of the previously-used 8b/10b encoding scheme, which added 2 coding bits to every 8 payload bits.
int32: 32-bit little-endian 2's complement or int64: 64-bit little-endian 2's complement: Double: little-endian binary64: UTF-8-encoded, preceded by int32-encoded string length in bytes BSON embedded document with numeric keys BSON embedded document Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) \xf6 (1 byte)
A binary-to-text encoding is encoding of data in plain text. More precisely, it is an encoding of binary data in a sequence of printable characters . These encodings are necessary for transmission of data when the communication channel does not allow binary data (such as email or NNTP ) or is not 8-bit clean .
The format is written with the significand having an implicit integer bit of value 1 (except for special data, see the exponent encoding below). With the 52 bits of the fraction (F) significand appearing in the memory format, the total precision is therefore 53 bits (approximately 16 decimal digits, 53 log 10 (2) ≈ 15.955).
Flexibility: Another advantage of VLQ encoding is its flexibility. Since the number of bytes used to represent an integer is based on its magnitude, VLQ encoding can handle integers of different sizes. This means that VLQ encoding can be used to represent integers of any size, from small 8-bit integers to large 64-bit integers.
The REX prefix provides additional space for encoding 64-bit addressing modes and additional registers present in the x86-64 architecture. Bit-field W changes the operand size to 64 bits, R expands reg to 4 bits, B expands r/m (or opreg in the few opcodes that encode the register in the 3 lowest opcode bits, such as "POP reg"), and X and B expand index and base in the SIB byte.
For instance, using a 32-bit format, 16 bits may be used for the integer and 16 for the fraction. The eight's bit is followed by the four's bit, then the two's bit, then the one's bit. The fractional bits continue the pattern set by the integer bits. The next bit is the half's bit, then the quarter's bit, then the ⅛'s bit, and so on. For example: